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Vertebrate Zoology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Teleosts

A

Ray-finned fishes.

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2
Q

Non-Guarders

A

No parental care of eggs/young

No courthship behavior

Breed earlier in life and often

Spawn in large groups with lots of males

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3
Q

Types of Non-Guarders

A

Broadcast Spawners

Pelagic Spawners

Benthic Spawners

Brood Hiders

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4
Q

Broadcast Spawner

A

Scatter eggs in environments

Aggregations

Lots of small eggs with low energy investment

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5
Q

Pelagic Spawners

A

Lay floating eggs in water column that drift away and hatch elsewhere

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6
Q

Benthic Spawners

A

Breed in large aggregates and spawn over gravel, rocks, aquatic plants, and sand.

Eggs sink and stick to bottom.

Multiple males follow single female and fertilize eggs as she releases them.

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7
Q

Brood Hider

A

Hide eggs and gives no care afterward.

Larger, fewer eggs.

Some courtship.

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8
Q

Guarders

A

Protect eggs and/or larvae

Territorial

Courtship

Usually a Nest

Breed Later in life

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9
Q

Types of Guarders

A

Substrate Choosers

Nest Spawners

Bearers

Viviparous

Mouth Brooders

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10
Q

Substrate Choosers

A

Don’t build nest but clear an area of rock, plant, etc. and guard it after spawning.

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11
Q

Nest Spawners

A

Clear and area and builds complex nests

Bubble foam nests in low O2 environments

Cavity nesters bring up to 7,000 individual rocks by mouth

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12
Q

Bearers

A

Carry eggs and/or larvae around with them

Internal (viviparous) or external bearers

Pouch brooeders (seahorses)

Monogamous

Female has penis-like oviduct that she inserts into male marsupium and he fertilizes eggs as they enter

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13
Q

Bearer Reproduction

A

Female has penis-like oviduct that she inserts into males marsupium

He fertilizes eggs as they enter

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14
Q

Viviparous Fishes

A

Female becomes pregnant

Not common

Increased survival of young

Only 2% of teleosts

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15
Q

Mouth Brooders

A

Female lays eggs and carries eggs/young in mouth

Male sprays sperm in mouth to fertilize

Mostly occurs in cichlids

Catfish known to eat eggs before mother takes them and lay eggs in their place so cichlid mother carries them in mouth instead.

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16
Q

Cues to Stimulate Reproduction

A

Mating Dances - e.g. seahorses

Visual Signals - pigment changes only during breeding season. High energy cost shows potential fitness.

Morphological changes - Signals male that female is ready

Vocalizations - sound production

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17
Q

When to breed?

A

Season (water temp and resource availability)

Maturity - gonad development, males breed right away, females wait til they’re larger

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18
Q

semelparous

A

reproduce once (big bang reproduction)

many small eggs

breeding aggregations

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19
Q

heroparous

A

multiple, smaller breeding events

few, large eggs

20
Q

What fish is semelparous and heroparous?

A

American shad

21
Q

Dioecious

A

Typical male or female

2 distinct sexes

(sexual dimorphism)

22
Q

Hermaphrodites

A

Synchronous/Simultaneous hermaphrodites

Function as one sex at a time; alternately inseminate each other during one breeding event

Individual fish with testes and ovaries

23
Q

Sequential Hermaphrodites

A

1 sex change during life

either male or female at any given point

24
Q

protogyny

A

change from female to male

female is top of breeding heiarchy

acts as alpha male within 1 to 2 hours

fully develops testes within 2 weeks

25
Q

protandry

A

change from male to female

dominant female and dominant male

several smaller males who are psychophysiologically castrated

26
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

Unisexual species

All female

Development from diploid female gamete without male fertilization

Most require ‘breeding’ with sneaker males from closely related species

Rare cases of virgin reproduction

27
Q

When did the transition from fish to amphibians likely occur?

A

Devonian Period (age of fishes) through Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes)

Competition for food and space

Increased predation risk

28
Q

Terrestrial Environment

A

Plant life

o2

moist/humid

no competitors/predators

29
Q

New Pressures on Land

A

Gravity

Different Pressure

Solar radiation

Thermoregulation

30
Q

Osteolepimorphi (rhipidistians)

A

Lobe-finned fish (Sarcops)

Likely facultative air-breathers

Pectoral fins to push self out of water to breathe

31
Q

Pandericthyes

A

pull selves out of water at edge and pull into water with teeth

primarily aquatic, hangs out on edges of water

32
Q

Acanthostega

A

tail, streamlined webbed feet, skull structure

good transitional fossil

33
Q

Ichthyostega

A

larger bones, ribs, and vertebral column to fight gravity on land

34
Q

Tiktaalik

A

became missing link between eusthenopteron and ichtyostega 375mya

35
Q

Ventostega curonica

A

365 mya latvia

earliest known true tetrapod based on limb structure, pectoral/pelvic girdles

moved around on land

36
Q

Modern Amphibians

A

Gymnophiona(Apoda) - Caecilians

Urodela - Salamanders & Newts

Anura - Frogs & Toads

37
Q

Gymnophiona (apoda)

[Caecilians]

A

Burrowing amphibians

100 spp

poor vision, excellent chemosensory

Eats inverts

38
Q

Oldest Caecilian Fossil

A

Eocaecilia micropodia

Possibly derived from Lepospondyl: microsauria

39
Q

Caecilian Reproduction

A

Universal internal fertilization

Phallodeum inserted into female cloaca

Universal maternal care

Cutaneous respiration

75% viviparous, 25% oviparous

Juveniles scrape outer layer of mothers skin and oviduct cells

40
Q

Urodela

[Salamanders & Newts]

A

Terrestrial and aquatic

Predaceous

Cutaneous respiration

Awuatic larval stage (some skip)

4 digits on limbs

Have gills during life cycle

Non-amniotic egg (no specialized membranes)

41
Q

Oldest known salamander fossil

A

Karaurus (late Jurassic)

42
Q

Amphibian Evolution

A

Move from water to land ~200My

NO FOSSILS from end of Devonian into Carboniferous (~40My long period)

43
Q

Stem Amphibians

A

Lepospondyls

Temnospondyl

44
Q

Temnospondyl

A

Oldest common ancestor to Anura and Urodela

Gerobatrachus a.k.a. frogamander

45
Q

Amphibian Skin

A

respiration, anti-microbial, anti-predation (poison), thermal regulation

Ancestral state: derman scales/plating

Land selected against scales (body weight, temperature, respiration)

Toxins: aposematic coloration (warning)

46
Q

Anura Reproduction

(Frogs & Toads)

A

Tied to H2O (non-amniotic egg)

2-stage life cycle (larvae in water, terrestrial adults)

External fertilization (amplexus)

Oviparous

Broad range of parental care (no care in some)

Increased Parental Care = Reduced Predation Risk

Direct development from egg to froglet

47
Q

Oldest known frog

A

Beelzebufo (late Cretaceous ~70Mya)

Vertebrate Zoology (4 decks)

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