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Vertebrate Zoology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Jaw Origins

A

Gill arches (respiration/foraging/gill support) migrated toward mouth opening and became associated with holding on to prey.

Derman bone migrated to teeth for gripping.

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2
Q

Earliest Jawed Species

A

Placoderms

Devonian period (Age of Fishes)

  • Freshwater and marine
  • cartilagenous skeletons
  • increased muscle size/complexity
  • paired lateral fins (movement)
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3
Q

Arthrodira

A

50cm - 12m long

Open-water predators

Teeth came from dermal bone (part of jaw)

Dominant predators during Devonian

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4
Q

Teeth from Dermal Bone

A

Part of jaw

Gone once broken

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5
Q

Antiarchi

A

Benthic

Feeding on crustaceans (flattened grinding plates)

Heavily armored

Primarily freshwater

(Devonian)

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6
Q

Benthic

A

bottom feeder

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7
Q

Acanthodians

A

Spiny Sharks

  • Oldest jawed fishes (Silurian)
  • Each fin preceded by sping anchored in body
  • Cartilaginous
  • Dominant freshwater predator
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8
Q

Chondrichthyes

A

Cartilaginous Fishes

  • Fossil Sharks
    • Cladoselache (1-2m)
    • Stethacanthus
    • Hybodus (2m)
    • Carcharodon megalodon (16-20m)
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9
Q

Modern Day Chondrichthyes

A

Elasmobranchii & Holocephali

  • Cartilaginous Skeleton
  • Lack Swim Bladder (oil used for buoyancy. 90% of liver by weight)
  • Placoid scales (reduces drag)
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10
Q

Elasmobranchii

A

“Plate gills”

  • Sharks, skates, rays
  • Carniverous
  • Suction/Filter/Attack
  • Protrusible Jaw (hylostylic jaw suspension)
  • Conveyor belt of teeth
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11
Q

Elasmobranchii Reproduction

A

Universal Internal Fertilization

  • Male claspers insert into female cloaca ‘groove’
  • Seawater washes sperm into cloaca
  • Fairly aggressive ritual (female skin 2-4x thicker than males)
  • 30% oviparous, 70% viviparous
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12
Q

Oviparity

A

Egg Laying

  • Ancestral
  • 2-7cm in length
  • Nutrition from yolk
  • Leathery shell gets tangled with kelp/coral/etc.
  • 2-15 months
  • Direct development into mini-adult due to yolk
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13
Q

Ovoviparity

A

Eggs kept inside female

  • Yolk nutrition (no placenta)
  • Increased growth rates
  • Stable environment
  • Yolk runs out @ 3 months (some intrauterine cannibalism
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14
Q

Oophagous Embryos

A

Feed on ovulating eggs

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15
Q

Embryophagous Embryos

A

Feed on siblings, then eat eggs

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16
Q

Viviparity

A

Live Birth

  • Placental viviparity (65%) young attached to female through yolk sac placenta umbilical cord
  • Little yolk, when gone, sac attaches to uterus
  • Nutriens to young, wastes to mom
  • Growths along cord absorb uterine milk (histotroph)
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17
Q

Skates & Rays

A
  • Durophagous (hard-bodied)
  • Carnivorous (molluscs, crustaceans)
  • Low reliance on vision
  • Well developed olfaction & electrosensory
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18
Q

Chimera

A

(Rat Fish)

  • Derived from placoderms
  • ~60 species @ 60-200cm in length
  • Benthic (temperate marine)
  • Grinding plates for hard-bodied organisms
  • Oviparous (few, 10cm eggs)
  • Female has no cloaca (urogenital opening)
  • Scaleless
  • Poisonous dorsal spine
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19
Q

Chondrichthyes Conservation Status

A

Globally In Decline

  • 30% of species are near extinction
  • 47% lack data
  • 73 millions of sharks killed anually
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20
Q

Why it’s hard for Sharks, Skates, & Rays to Recover

A
  • Reproduce late in life (6-18 years)
  • Low fecundity (2 per event)
  • Don’t reproduce yearly
  • No parental care
  • Long gestation
  • Habitat loss
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21
Q

Osteichthyes

A

Bony Fishes

  • Sarcopterygii (lobed-fin fishes)
  • Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes)
22
Q

Sarcopterygii

A

Lobed-fin Fishes

  • Fleshy, muscular pelvic/pectoral fins (single skeletal element)
  • Cosmoid scales (dentine-based, dermal armoring)
  • Fin joined to the body by a single bone; precursor to legs
  • e.g. Lungfish
23
Q

Lungfish (Dipnoi)

A

6 living spp.

~18” - 6.5’

24
Q

Australian Lungfish

A
  • Found in 3-4 rivers in Queensland.
  • Retain functional gills as well as lungs
  • Facultative air-breathers
25
Q

African Lungfish

A

Protopterus spp.

  • Obligate air-breathers (90% of air from lungs)
  • Still/flowing water (rivers)
  • Seasonal drought (6mo - 4yrs): greatly reduces heart rate, metabolism, metabolize body fats, waste is urea
  • When rain comes: Metabolize glycogen, cannibolize young lungfish if no food, waste is ammonia
  • Reproduction (early)
    • Female builds burrow & lays eggs
    • Internal fertilization
    • Male guards and oxyginates eggs with tail lashing
26
Q

South American Lungfish (Amazon)

A

Lepidosiren paradoxa

  • Poorly known (recently derrived)
  • Obligate air-breathers
  • Hiburnate in burrows
  • Reproduce like protopteris without tail-lashing (pelvic fins oxygenate burrow)
27
Q

Coelacanthimorpha

A
  • Devonian to Cretaceous
  • Carnivorous
  • 6 ft
  • Oviviperous
  • 40-65 years to maturity
  • Use electrosensory abilities to forage
  • Black market for specimens
28
Q

Osteolepimorphi

A

Rhipidistians

  • Ancestor to tetrapods/amphibians (no living species)
  • Large predators (dentition)
  • Shallow freshwater
  • Decreased dermal bone thickness
  • Well-muscled fins
29
Q

Actinopterygii

A

Ray-Finned Fishes

  • Individual fin rays (modified scales) line up in each fin
  • Attached to adjacent body musculature
  • Webs of skin supported by bony spines
  • Unknown origins
30
Q

Paleonisciformes

A
  • Ancient Actinopterygii
  • Cartilaginous (some ossification)
  • New bond laid down on cartilage
  • Devonian - Jurrasic
  • 5-50cm
  • Increased jaw, size, speed, strength
  • Light/thin scales (increased energy savings, speed, flexibility)
  • Evidence for swim bladder
  • All Extinct
31
Q

Modern Actinopterygii

A
  • Chondrostei, Neopterygii, Telostei
32
Q

Sturgeons

A

Acipenseridae

  • Cartilagenous snout
  • Benthic feeders (fish, crustaceans)
  • Sensory barbels on snout (olfaction/chemosensory)
  • Very Fecund (millions of small eggs per event, minimal investment)
33
Q

Paddlefish

A
  • Filter feeders
  • Snout has electrosensory abilities
  • 6-7’
  • Fecund
34
Q

Neopterygii

A

New Fins

  • Most actinops
  • Polypteriformes, Amiidae, Lepisosteidae (Gar)
35
Q

Polypteriformes

A
  • African wetlands, slow-moving rivers
  • High tolerance to low O2
  • Obligate air breathers (lungs)
  • Predators
36
Q

Amiidae

A
  • Bowfin
  • Wetlands, lakes, rivers
  • Carnivores
  • Increased sexual based on color pattern (green) ; correlated with surplus energy
37
Q

Lepisosteidae

A

Gar

  • 7 extant species
  • Ambush predators
  • Facultative air-breathers
    • Takes air into swim bladder where O2/CO2 exchange occurs
38
Q

Placement & Function of Paired Fins

A
  • Strong musculature at base determines use
  • Used for pitch and roll
39
Q

Advanced Teleost Movement

A
  • Decreased pitch & roll
  • Increased braking and steering
  • Increased thrust and propulsion
  • Pectorals onto body sides
  • Pelvics toward thoracic
40
Q

Undulation

A
  • Swim Speed: Around 2 body lengths per second
  • Proportion of Body Involved: Increase along majority of body axis.
  • Energy Required: Increased energy.
41
Q

Oscillation

A
  • Swim Speed: 10-20 body lengths per second
  • Proportion of Body Involved: less than a third (often lower)
  • Energy Required: lower energy used
42
Q

Symmetrical Caudal Fin

A

Homocercal (equal)

Heterocercal (not equal)

43
Q

Swim/Air/Gas Bladder

A
  • Neutralize buoyancy
  • Save Energy
  • Pneumatic Duct (connection between swim bladder and gut)
    • physostomes (salmids, eels, herring, minnows)
  • Closed bladder (no duct)
    • Physoclists
    • Gas exchange driven by gas glad (ovale) with vascular system
  • No bladder
    • Benthic, Pelagic
44
Q

Pelagic

A

Top feeders

45
Q

Decreased Dermal Armoring

A
  • Thinner/smaller scales
  • Decreased weight
  • Enhanced energy savings
  • Increased streamlining
  • Increased flexibility
46
Q

Why is Feeding More Complex in Water?

A
  • Water is 900 times more dense, 80 times more viscous
  • Pushing water displaces/warns prey
  • Pushing water is energetically expensive
47
Q

Attack & Grasp

A
  • Ambush foragers
  • No suction involved
  • Firm jaws lined with teeth for grasping
  • Ancestral behavior
48
Q

Filter Feeders

A
  • No suction
  • Swim with mouth open (gaping maw)
  • Particles cought on gill rakers
49
Q

Projectile Feeders

A
  • Terrestrial prey
  • Groove on roof of mouth for spitting
  • Excellent vision (can correct for refraction)
50
Q

Suction Feeding

A
  • Involves buccal and opercular cavities/openings
  • Inhalation (suction)
    • Floors of both cavities drop and increase volume (draws in water & sucks in prey)
    • Can extend upper jaw bones
  • Exhalation (prey capture & removal of water)
    • Close openings
    • Raise floor of cavities
    • Prey captured in gill rakers
  • Maintains gill oxygenation during entire process
51
Q

Trophic Groups

A
  • herbivores (plant/protists)
  • frugivores (fruits/berries)
  • algivores (green algae)
  • xylophagous (deadwood)
  • coral eaters
  • parasites
52
Q

Verts in the News

A
  • Viviparous Lizards
    • On mountaintops. Increased extinction due to climate change.
  • Leatherback Sea Turtles
  • Seals sleep with half of brain active
  • Amphibian Malformation
    • biodiversity overcomes
  • Stitchbird/Hihi
    • Colors enhanced by diet
  • Brookesia micra
    • Adult smaller than fingertip
  • Type 1 Diabetes Cured in Dogs
    • Gene therapy for insulin and glucokinase (4 years)

Vertebrate Zoology (4 decks)

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