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Vertebrate Zoology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Scaptia Beyonceae

A

Fly with big golden booty like Beyonce.

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2
Q

Xenopus Laevis

A
  • Volcano frog
  • Genes associated with tail regeneration associated with reactive oxygen species (high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide found at point of regeneration).
  • Reactive oxygen species (typically associated with cell death) required for regeneration.
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3
Q

Ph. Chordata

(Subphylums)

A

Vertebrata

Urochordata

Cephalochordata

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4
Q

Urochordata

A
  • Tunicates, sea squirts
    • adults – primarily sessile
    • look more like other chordates as larvae
    • Attach as larvae to substrate and become completely attached within 5 minutes
    • contract notochord, dorsal hollow nerve chord, axial muscular tissue
    • Within 18 hours goes from tadpole like organism to sea squirt adult
  • Larvaceans
    • produce huge mass of gelatin that they live within
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5
Q

Cephalochordata

A

lancelets, amphioxus, Branchiostoma sp.

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6
Q

Shared Characteristics of Chordates

A

Dorsal Hollow Nerve Tube

Notochord

Pharyngeal Gil Slits

Post Anal Tail

Endostyle

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7
Q

Dorsal Hollow Nerve Tube

A

Hollow tube dorsal to notochord, later evolves into brain and spinal chord.

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8
Q

Notochord

A

(primitive backbone) – flexible rod for support, structure, and movement (point of attachment for muscle groups)

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9
Q

Pharyngeal Gil Slits

A

Filter feeding organs.

In non-vert chordates, lined with mucus (collects particles) and cilia (moves mucus into esophagus).

Primarily for feeding in chordates but in most verts associated with respiration.

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10
Q

Post Anal Tail

A

Assists with locomotion and movement.

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11
Q

Endostyle

A

(thyroid gland) – ciliated groove on the wall of the pharynx that produces mucus to gather food particles and critical for iodine metabolism. (also found in larval lampreys but lost as they become adults)

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12
Q
  • *Vertebrata** (craniata)
  • *Shared Characteristics**

(separate from other chordates)

A

Bony or Cartilagenous Vertebral Column

Cranium

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13
Q

Bony or Cartilagenous Vertebral Column

(function)

A

Allows increased body size, organized locomotion, and increased stability of body frame (provides muscle attachment points and support).

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14
Q

Cranium

A
  • surrounds/protects brain and associated sensory structures
  • bony, cartilagenous, or fibrous
    • allows for expansion of sensory centers
    • greater range of behavior, activity, and responses to stimuli
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15
Q

Note: Hagfish

A

Have cranium but no vertebrae (still considered vertebrate).
Possess a calcium management system that allows for calcium homeostasis.

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16
Q

Ontogenetic

A

Relating to growth and development of the organs.

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17
Q

Ontogenetic Characteristics of Vertebrata

A

Duplication of the HOX gene complex (other animals possess one)

Neural Crest Cells

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18
Q

HOX Gene Complex

A

Master Genes
Control body system development
Transcription factors turn genes on/off during development
Urochord/Cephalochord
Jawed vertebrates have 4 hox gene clusters

Gene duplication overcomes genetic constraints on the elaboration of vertebrate body plan
Allows for increased potential for mutation, natural selection, and genetic drift.
Accounts for subsequent modifications in the body.

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19
Q

Neural Crest Cells

A

Cells arising from the sheet of cells forming the DHNT

Migrate around embryo, settle, and develop into…

  • peripheral nervous system
  • parts of central nervous system
  • range of endocrine glands (e.g. Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid)
  • range of skeletal/connective tissues in head (gill arches in fish, teeth, jaws)
20
Q

Walter Garstang

A

Larval Forms:
An early mechanism for vert. (chordate) origins.

21
Q

Larvae battle two opposing selective pressures:

A
  • Dispersal
    • To avoid competition
    • Longer dispersal requires longer larval periods
  • Predation risk increases with time
    • Pressure to shorten larval period and decrease vulnerability
    • To reach sexual maturity and reproduce
22
Q

paedomorphosis

A

Juvenile/embryonic characters are retained into adulthood.

e.g. Develop mature gonads while still swimming
Echinoderm larvae kept swimming (starfish/early chordates)

Tunicate-like ancestors

23
Q

Early fossil finds that may related to early chordates:

A
  • Conodont elements mineralized
    • Well-preserved into fossil record
  • Conodont apparatus [1983] (lined up like it would appear in living organism)
  • similar to gill arches (pharyngeal teeth) lining the throat
    • likely associated with foraging
  • Sensory organs
    • Swelling at end of notochord (enhanced CNS)
24
Q

Gans & Northcutt

A

Hypothesis based on neural crest cells
NCC gave vert. Flexibility to build a new type of body
NCC associated with complex sensory organis, big brains, jaws with teeth, powerful pumping throats (pharyngeal teeth)
Relates to better feeding and increased activity
No longer would they be passive filter feeders
Now possible to be a larger, more active predator

25
Q

Owl Monkeys

A

Have 20-30% better fitness in monogomous relationships.

26
Q

Protovertebrates

A
  • gaping hole (mouth, no jaws or teeth)
    • filter/particle feeding
  • pharyngeal basket
  • swam (active organisms)
  • cutaneous respiration
    • constrain size
    • constrain skin thickness
27
Q

Haikouichthys ercaicunensis

A

Yunnan, China – 530 Mya
early protovertebrate fossil

28
Q

Jawless Fishes

A

Fossil Agnatha

Anaspida

Modern Agnatha

29
Q

Fossil Agnatha

(Ostracoderms shell skin)

A
  • 10cm -> 3m
  • Very well developed pharyngeal muscles
  • dermal bone (plates) across body
  • some where plates were covered by skin
  • internal “skeleton”
    • notochord/DHNT (new skeletal elements)
    • cranium
  • well devleoped sensory systems
    • optical, olfactory
    • mechanoreception
    • electroreceptors
      • vibration
30
Q

Pteraspidimorpha

A
  • multiple, close-fitting head plates
  • well devleoped brain/sensory system
  • primarily marine (few freshwater representatives)
  • bottom-dwellers
  • sub-terminal mouths
  • abrasion on ventral plates
  • heterocercal tail
  • lobes on caudal fin (tail) are not same size
31
Q

Anaspida

A
  • no armoring on their head
  • cartilagenous ring that held mouth open
  • shared w/modern lampreys
  • possibly the lamprey ancestor
  • likely filter feeders
  • primarily marine, few freshwater species
  • heterocercal tail -> lower lobe extended
32
Q

Cephalaspidimorpha (Osteostraci)

A
  • single-pieced head shield
    • likely protecting brain/sensory structures
  • bottom-dwelling invertivore
    • likely using suction via muscular pump throat
  • well-developed visual sense and olfaction
  • electrosensory capabilities
33
Q

Modern Agnatha

A

Hagfish

Lamprey

34
Q

Hagfish

A

Myxini (slime, mucus)
Little is known about life history
Young direct development

35
Q

Hagfish Reproduction

A

Hermaphroditic adults
functional ovaries and testes at same pt.
External fertilization
eggs – 1” long with tough shell (high energy investment per egg) increases survival of the egg
low egg production
late maturation
due to energy constraints of producing eggs and intesive fisher may never reproduce
do not reproduce each year (only a few times in a lifetime)
Difficult to recover from population decline
Juveniles are “mini adults”

36
Q

Hagfish Body

A
  • <1m in length
  • scaleless/smooth skin
  • degenerate/rudimentary eyes
  • live in dark waters
  • highly developed olfaction/tactile senses
  • isotonic to seawater
    • limited osmoregulatory systems (not needed)
  • no issue with H2O/ion balance
37
Q

Hagfish Facts

A
  • Difficult to place phylogenetically
  • Characteristics shared by all verts or unique to hagfish
  • Myxinikela siroka
    • oldest fossils ~325 mya
    • few fossils
  • Conservation status
    • Banned commercial fishery
38
Q

Lamprey

A
  • Petromyzontoidea (stone suckers)
  • Appear to have evolutionary relationship with Anaspida
    • cartilagenous ring holding mouth open
  • few fossils (date back ~325mya)
  • ~45-50 modern species
  • freshwater or marine
    • NONE in polar or tropical regions (strictly temperate regions)
  • May live in streams and rivers through lifetime
  • anadromous – spend time in rivers/streams & ocreans/lakes
39
Q

Lamprey body

A
  • full cranium, rudimentary true vertebrae
  • “sensory machines!!”
  • visual – large eyes, optical bulbs
  • olfactory sense well-developed
    • used to find prey to parasitize and mates
  • mechanoreception (vibration detection)
40
Q

Lamprey Reproduction

A

larval forms posess ovarian AND testicular tissue
adults are EITHER male or female (not hermaphroditic)

41
Q

Lamprey Feeding Habbits

A
  • Ammocoetes filter feed on particulate organic matter
  • Some adults don’t feed (Die after reproduction)
  • Parasitic adults
    • fasten onto body of fish, seals, whales, etc.
  • Rasp a hole through body wall of host
  • use anticoagulant to maintain fluid flow
  • subsist off of body fluids of host
  • use hooks on oral disk for anchor
42
Q

River Lamprey

A

(Lampetra ayresi)

Pacific NW

may kill up to 18M kg of herring and 10% of all salmon off coast of British Columbia yearly

43
Q

Brook Lamprey Life Cycle

A

(within stream whole life)

adults -> build gravel nest -> spawn (external fertilization) (~1,000 eggs per event) -> [adults die] -> eggs hatch in a few weeks -> ammocoete settle in soft sediment (3-7 yrs) -> metamorphose into adults ->…

44
Q

Anadromous Life Cycle

A

(larvae in stream, adults in ocean/lake)

Adults (in ocean as parasites) -> migrate into natal streams -> build gravel nest -> spawn (300k-500k eggs) -> [adults die or return to lake] -> eggs hatch in a few weeks -> ammocoete settle in soft sediments (3-7 years) -> metamorphase and return to ocean/lake ->…

45
Q

Lamprey Control

A

Electric barriers
TFN (chemical)
some are resistant
Deathly odors (effective) reduces migration

Vertebrate Zoology (4 decks)

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