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ISS 310 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

cultural diffusion

A

the spreading out of various aspects of a peoples culture

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2
Q

environmental determinism

A

belief that human cultures or behaviors can be explained entirely as a result of the effects of the physical environment

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3
Q

cultural ecology

A

the study of the ways societies adapt to environments

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4
Q

possibilism

A

theory proposed by french geographers as antidote to environmental determinism.
It insists that the physical environment itself will neither suggest nor determine what people can profitably achieve

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5
Q

folk culture

A

a culture that preserves traditions.

Bound by distinctive religion, national background, or language, and they resist to change.

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6
Q

popular culture

A

the culture of people who embrace innovation and conform to changing norms

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7
Q

Fig 6-8 Coke or Pop or Soda

A

People say “coke” in South
“Soda” in the New England area and West coast
“pop” in northern half of the country

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8
Q

culture groups

A

may include a great number of shared characteristics or just a few

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9
Q

ethnic groups

A

“ethnicity” used to describe a cultural or subcultural group. Depends on an attribute of biology, culture, allegiance, or historic background.

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10
Q

ethnic enclaves

A

urban, and increasingly suburban, neighborhoods with a high concentration of a particular ethnic group.
(Chinatown, Little Italy)

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11
Q

culture region

A

is defined by a relatively continuous presence of one or a set of cultural traits

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12
Q

visual clues to cultural areas

A

language of posted signs, the clothing the local people are wearing, and the goods available in local shops, building materials, architecture, and settlement patterns are all visible manifestations of cultures.

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13
Q

settlement patterns

A

The designs of settlements reflect cultural differences, and a trained observer can see the layout of the whole towns and cities cultural backgrounds of the builders.

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14
Q

Fig. 7-2 (USA & Latin America)

A 
Languages in South America(Countries that don't speak Spanish):
Suriname-Dutch
Guyana-English
Brazil-Portuguese
Peru-Spanish & Quechua
Bolivia-Spanish, Aymara, Quechua
Paraguay-Spanish, Guarani

Haiti-French

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15
Q

toponymy

A

The study of place names

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16
Q

subsistence agriculture

A

agriculture to feed oneself and family-was typically part of a communal agricultural system that traded foods locally or nearby

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17
Q

commercial agriculture

A

growing food and raising animal products for sale

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18
Q

swidden

A

shifting cultivation, slash & burn, small scale, subsistent. Manioc (tapioca)

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19
Q

value added by manufacturing

A

The difference between the value of a raw material and the value of a product manufactured from that raw material

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20
Q

genetically modified (GM)

A

scientists introduce a recombinant DNA into another organism, thus permanently changing the genetic makeup of that organism and all its descendants

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21
Q

hinterland

A

the surrounding region to which any city provides services, and upon which it draws for its needs

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22
Q

incorporation

A

the process of defining a city territory and establishing a government

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23
Q

primate cities

A

one large city that concentrates a high degree of the entire national population or of national political, intellectual, or economic life. (paris, Bangkok)

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24
Q

urbanization

A

the process of concentration populations in cities

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25
Q

urban geography

A

the geographic study of cities:

  1. The functions of cities and their economic role in organizing territory
  2. Urbanization as it occurred in the past and as it is continuing in different countries today.
  3. The internal geography of cities- the internal distribution of housing, industry, commerce, and other aspects of urban life across different cultures.
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26
Q

central place theory

A

idea that each city, town, village, serves its hinterland as the central place to do business, defined as a market area

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27
Q

central business district (CBD)

A

the core of the city. concentrates office buildings and retail shops

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28
Q

concentric zone model

A

uses the idea of the CBD where people work and after work have easy access to market places for shopping

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29
Q

sector model

A

H. Hoyt. Assumes that high-rent residential areas expand outward from the city center along new transportation routes. Middle class housing clusters around high-rent housing, and low-income housing lies adjacent to the areas of industry and associated transportation.

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30
Q

multiple nuclei model

A

many different centers lie surrounding the CBD

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31
Q

peripheral sector model

A

radial and circumferential highways continue to draw activities out of the central city and to disperse them around the region.

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32
Q

segregation

A

residential clustering as a result of discrimination

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33
Q

zoning

A

Restricting or prescribing the use to which parcels of land may be put

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34
Q

eminent domain

A

private land that the government has the right to take but must pay compensation

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35
Q

Fig. 10-23 Latin American model

A

CBD with spine leading out. Wealthy live on spine

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36
Q

MSA (metropolitan statistical area)

A

an integrated economic and social unit with a recognized large population nucleus

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37
Q

spatial mismatch hypothesis

A

the hypothesis that central city unemployment is caused by the removal of job opportunity to the suburbs and the concentration of the poor in the central city

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38
Q

cultural landscapes

A

The human legacy on the land
cultural traits
cultural fossils

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39
Q

surnames

A

indicators of culture

show distinct cultural group

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40
Q

language

A

the essence of culture

“culture is the epoxy of society”

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41
Q

England used to be called..?

A

Albion (The white cliffs of Dover)

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42
Q

Albion’s Seed 1989

A

Book by DH Fischer that was about 4 groups that came to US from England.
1692-1775
Protestant, English Language, English Legal System

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43
Q

Puritans

A 
Massachusetts, Middle Class
Yeoman, Artisans, Merchants
high literacy, education important
capecod houses, setteled in towns & hamlets
upright and wing houses
16 presidents
90% English born in NewEngland in 1790
Chemlsford, Sudbury, Framingham
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44
Q

Quakers

A 
SE Pennsylvania, Middle Class
Welcomed other groups, but no out of group marriages
Women had significant roles
Prudish, "eat to live, not live to eat"
No slavery, Few presidents
Mason-Dixon Line
Lancaster, York, Liverpool
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45
Q

Cavaliers (royalists)

A 
coastal Virginia, middle to upper class
Brought indentured servants, started slavery
Created plantations in tidewater
Dispersed settlement, many presidents
Banished Quakers and Puritans
Male=predator, female=breeders
Fried food.  Byrd, Carter, Diggs, Lee
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46
Q

Backcountry Folk (Border Folk)

A 
WV and KY, Hill people, 1717-1775
Scotch-Irish, N Ireland, Shotgun houses
Looked down upon, poverty stricken
Stubborn, prideful, belligerent
Protestant, Made whiskey (bourbon)
Cornbread, potatoes, clabber
gender inequality, women tough and hard working. Bridal abduction, warrior ethic
Red Dog Run, Durham, Dog Hallow
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47
Q

Blue laws

A

laws against liquor

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48
Q

1st immigrants from NW Europe

A

Germany, England, Denmark, Ireland

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49
Q

1850 Percent of people living in lower half of MI

A

NY-52%
OH-5.7%
VT-4.3%

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50
Q

Highest foreign born counties in 1910 in MI

A

Detroit, Thumb area, and Upper Peninsula

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51
Q

Germans

A 
recruited by the english, protestants
NY, chicago, Cincinnati, Milwaukee
1820-1978 = 7 million.  
1920 quota, 17% US has german ancestry
Settled on coast of MI for economic advancement
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52
Q

German Legacy

A

Agriculture, engineering, brewing

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53
Q

Dutch

A

settled in W Michigan
windmill, tulips, wood shoes
in 1910, MI had most dutch born people in US

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54
Q

Upper Peninsula

A

large % of Finland, Italians, Irish, and Polish
in 1910, more finland born in MI than any other state
settled up here because they needed jobs and land ( mining, lumbering)

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55
Q

Amish 1683

A 
hex signs on barns
mainly in OH, IN, and PA
looking for farmland
Lancaster County, PA (SE PA)
live in SE michigan too
Bird in hand, climax, intercourse, blue balls
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56
Q

Amish Cultural Landscape

A

rural-land based, Agricultural
Crafts, house styles, horses, buggies
No electricity

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57
Q

Native Americans

A

<1%, most in W USA

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58
Q

Treaty with Delaware 1778

A

Nathaniel Bacon

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59
Q

Walking Purchase 1737

A

Penn and Lenapes
E Pennsylvania
How far to walk in 1.5 days, 3 men ran 66 miles

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60
Q

Indian Removal Act 1830

A

move them across Mississippi River

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61
Q

Federal Recognition

A

577 Federally recognized tribes

membership criteria

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62
Q

Tribal Trust Land Reservations

A

Sovereign Nation, Title belongs to gov’t
No state jurisdiction, tribe has jurisdiction
major crimes=US jurisdiction
minor crimes=tribal jurisdiction

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63
Q

Dawes Allotment Act

A

1891-1934
Divided reservation lands to individuals
lost alot of land because of this act
1924-1st year US gov’t declared Native Americans as citizens of the US

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64
Q

Navajo Homeland

A

SW US. Dene Bekayah
The number 4 is sacred
Where UT, CO,AZ, and NV intersect
4 sacred mountains-area circled by these is considered sacred homeland
Colorado River is sacred, San Juan, Rio Grande, and Little Colorado River
Hopi indian reservation is inside theirs
Navajo code talkers in WWII

65
Q

MI Native Americans

A 
People of 3 fires:
Odawa
Ojibwa
Potawatomi
Coastal villages
12 Federally recognized tribes
66
Q

Greenville Treaty 1795

A

1st to affect Native Americans in MI
6 miles in land then six miles up to lake st clair
Got access to Detroit from Indians

67
Q

Isabella Reservation

A

CMU

68
Q

tribal casinos

A

22

69
Q

Native American Trails

A

Many modern roads follow these lines

96

70
Q

Ogemaw Earthworms

A

in ogemaw county

71
Q

Sanilac Petroglyphs

A

In sanilac County

Big rocks with carvings on the rocks

72
Q

Geography of Southern Slavery

A

1619-1865
9% of slaves to US
Brasil biggest importer
Richmond VA and Charleston SC-two import cities

73
Q

92 % of black people were slaves in…..

A

1790

“africans did not become slaves because they were black, but because they were black they were enslaved”

74
Q

Importation of slaves from africa prohibited…..

A

1808

75
Q

slavery abolished in North….

A

1804

76
Q

Southern Social Classes

A

Planters-owned many slaves, money, controlled gov’t, cavaliers
Yeoman-white, no slaves, small farms
Poor Whites-owned very little
Free Blacks-carpenters, did trade stuff

77
Q

Southerners on blacks

A

liked blacks as individuals but disliked the race

78
Q

Northerners on blacks

A

liked the race but disliked individuals

79
Q

slaves values in 1860

A

800$ per slave
4 million slaves total
3.2 billion dollar market

80
Q

states slave % in 1860

A

SC-57%
Mississippi-55%
LA-47%

81
Q

% families owning slaves 1860

A

MS-47%
SC-46%
GA-37%
AL-35%

82
Q

Black surnames

A

from slave owners

83
Q

HBCU

A

Historically Black college university

84
Q

rural south identification

A

strong identification w/ county in the South

85
Q

Robertson County, NC

A

1/3 Native American, 1/3 White, 1/3 Black

86
Q

Cass County, MI

A

rural black settlement 1850-2013
looking for freedom and land
1850-came to work for quakers. Part of underground railroad
Slaves from KY, VA, MD came here
Calvin TWP-1968 black farmers owner 38% of land

87
Q

Mecosta-Remus County, MI

A

Between Big rapids and Mt Pleasant
1860-Ohio free blacks moved here for land and they were close to border states and they wanted to move away.
3rd Saturday of August=Huge Party
Wheatland church of Christ

88
Q

James Guy

A

1861-Logger in Mecosta-Remus, 160 acres

89
Q

Lake County: A rural Playground

A

1940-1965: Died out after civil rights

Idlewild

90
Q

Agriculture Uses

A

Food, Fiber, Fuel

91
Q

Foodways

A

The cultural and socioeconomic practices that relates to production and consumption of food

92
Q

World food Production

A

65% of all food crops in the world

Corn, Rice, Wheat, Potatoes

93
Q

USA Historical Foods

A 
Pork
Corn( but wanted to make wheat)
Mostly homegrown
caused seasonal diets
difficult to preserve food
94
Q

Primary activity

A

Primary producer of raw materials gets lowest pay

95
Q

disposable income in USA

A

10% of our income now goes to food

96
Q

Growing season

A 
# of days between last frost in spring and 1st frost of the fall
East Lansing-150
Below 37th Parallel=200 days
97
Q

Capital investment by farmers

A

alot of money to buy equipment and build silos

98
Q

Land Costs per acre for farming

A

Mi-$4000
CA-$9000
NJ-$9800

99
Q

MI land value/sq ft

A

9 cents

100
Q

farmland sizes

A

increase from east to west

101
Q

Von Thunen Location Theory

A

As distance from market increases, the profit decreases

102
Q

MI Diversity in Crops ranking

A

MI is 2nd most diverse behind CA.

Dairy is what MI is known for

103
Q

Dairy Farming

A

MI is #8.
Holstein is #1 dairy producing cow in MI
Has 4 stomachs, eats forage and water, produces calf and milk. Milk them 305 days a year. 24,000 lbs a year

104
Q

Fresh Milk products

A

Cheese, cream, ice cream

105
Q

Pasteurization of milk

A

heat to destroy bacteria

106
Q

homogenization of milk

A

push milk through press and break up butter fat layer

107
Q

whole milk

A

> 3.25% butter fat

108
Q

MI Greenhouses

A

grow flowers

MI is number 1 in the USA

109
Q

Corn

A

even # of rows, climats specific, 153 bu./acre
hybrid seed corn
20%-human food
ethanol, 80%-animal food

110
Q

The Diva of Agriculture

A

grapes, impact of climate change

Leelanau Peninsula, Old Mission Peninsula-tremendous grape and wine production

111
Q

soybeans

A

cashcrop in michigan, used for animal feed

112
Q

crops MI is known for

A

Dry beans, Green beans, Asparagus(mason, Oscella), Celery (Histosoles, KZoo), sugar beets (pioneer sugar), Mint (1 county in MI), Potatoes (75% to chips), Blueberries, Cherries

113
Q

Potatoes

A

most widely grown crop

114
Q

Lake effect

A

keeps climate cold in spring/winter, and warm in the fall

115
Q

Hogs

A

1lb/7lb of grain

116
Q

Michigan Agriculture

A

2nd largest industry in MI

1 farmer can feed 126 people

117
Q

comparative advantage

A

whats best crop based off land, soil, and climate

produce that which generates the most money

118
Q

Chicago Board of Trade (CBT)

A

Determines price of food in the US

119
Q

USA major crops

A

1 exporter in corn

120
Q

Old cotton belt

A

now is the major chicken producer
New Chicken Belt
1 lb/4 lbs of grain

121
Q

prairie cereal farming (wheat)

A

USA is #1 exporter
Two types:
Spring Wheat-in Montana and N Dakota. Planted in the spring and harvested in the fall
Winter Wheat-Kansas and Okahoma. Plant in fall, dormant all winter, harvested in the summer.

122
Q

ogalla aquifer

A

land of underground rain

123
Q

Mediterranean Agriculture

A

Hot/dry summers, cool/wet winters
Crops for human
Central Valley of California

124
Q

Central Valley of California

A

A desert in disguise
Most prolific food producing region in the world
most stuff grown here is consumed by humans
all crops grown are irrigated
430 different crops grown in CA, and CA leads country in 68 of them

125
Q

Top 3 products of CA

A

Milk
Almonds
Grapes

126
Q

USA Agriculture Production Top 3 States

A

California (human consumption)
Iowa (animal consumption)
Texas

127
Q

Ranching

A 
Hereford and Angus
takes place in <500 mm rain/yr (W US)
Takes place on federally owned land
Low value, cheap land
Ranches are large in size
1lb/ 15 lb of grain
128
Q

How does rancher make money?

A

Has cows that graze and make babies

Sells baby to feed lot at 500 lb

129
Q

South America Agriculture

A

takes place in the pampas, the cerrado

correlates to population pattern

130
Q

South America Crops

A 
Corn-Brasil (3), Argentina
Wheat- Brasil, Argentina (13)
Beef Cattle-Argentina
Grapes/wine-Argentina (8)
Orange Juice- Brasi (1), soybean- (2)
coffee-brasil (1), cashews, bananas
Flowers- colombia (2)
sugar cane-Brasi(1), alcool=ethanol from sugar cane
131
Q

sequence of farming in SA

A

deforestation, lumber, ranching, soybeans

132
Q

brasil is #1 in producing..

A

OJ, Sugar, Chickens, coffee

133
Q

Mediterranean Agriculture in SA

A

Middle chile,
Advantages-Mountains in E, ocean in W, Desert in N, cold wet and rainy to S.
Grapes-chile is #10
blueberries

134
Q

Top 4 populous cities in US

A

NY, LA, Chicago, houston

135
Q

Designated market place

A

in or near major city so people go there to get food

136
Q

MI gov’t units

A

charter township, General law Township, village, city

137
Q

General Law Twp

A 
1847 Law
25% MI Population
less than 2000 people
1,105 in Michigan, mostly rural
local gov't, assess property tax, elections
138
Q

Villages

A

Politically part of General Law Twp
3% of MI populaiton
256 in MI
Provide Basic service, elections,1x1 mile,pay village and twp taxes

139
Q

Cities

A

51% of Population, 277 in MI
8 have >100,000 people
incorporated, provide services, can annex territory around it

140
Q

8 cities in MI >100,000

A

Ann Arbor, Flint, Lansing, Grand Rapids, Livonia, Warren, Sterling Heights, Detroit

141
Q

Detroit

A

139 sq miles. Hamtramck and Highland Park are two cities inside detroit
1950- detroits peak population of 1.8 million

142
Q

jobsprawl

A

jabs are found 10 miles from the city
Detroit is #1, Chicago, Atlanta
Money in the suburbs
12 auto assembly plants, and only 2 are in detroit

143
Q

Urban home $$ Value

A

house+land+location(neighborhood)

144
Q

owner occupied cities in MI

A

Warren and Livonia

145
Q

Bloomfield hills

A

highest median household income in MI

146
Q

charter townships

A 
1947 law "suburbs"
26% of population
137 (near big city), suburban and urban
more than 2000 population
higher tax rate, provide services
15 around oakland
147
Q

Charter Twp and General law twp

A

have 58% of property value in MI

148
Q

Detroit water department

A

53 communities drink this water

50% of all people in MI drink this water

149
Q

Internal structure of city

A

irregular (Boston)
Most have grid/rectangular patterns
some circles (south)

150
Q

New York City

A 
Largest, segregated communities
5 Boroughs:
Brooklyn-2.6 mil
Queens-2.2 mil
Manhattan-1.6 mil
Bronx-1.4 mil
Staten Island-.5 mil
151
Q

Las Vegas:

A 
31st largest city, limited by water
Hoover Dam (water diminishing yearly)
Casinos-on strip (122 &150 hotels)
Wedding Chapels on strip, cheap food
sin city beer, sensual ent., 30 licensed brothels.
152
Q

brothel requirements

A

11 of 17 counties in Nevada Allow it
pop above 400,000 cant have it
along highway, not allowed in Reno or Las Vegas

153
Q

South American Urbanization

A

rapidly happening, rural to urban migration, rural to urban dichotomy, 34 cities with over 1 million people in them. Brazil has 14/34 of these cities

154
Q

Largest SA Cities

A

Sau Paulo-11 million
Lima-9 milion
Bogota (colombia)-9 million

155
Q

% pop in two largest cities of Uruguay, Chile, Peru, and Argentina

A

Uruguay-96%
Chile-91
Peru-91
Argentina-90

156
Q

9 de Julvo Ave

A

widest street in the world. 28 lanes wide

157
Q

casa Rosada

A

pink house where president stays

158
Q

copacabana

A

beach in brazil that is like las vegas

159
Q

Favelas

A

Barrios where poor live

ISS 310 (4 decks)

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