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ISS 310 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

radiation (solar radiation)

A

the fuel that drives the atmosphere. Heats earths atmosphere, but mostly heats the earth

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2
Q

angle of incidence

A

angle at which solar radiation strikes a particular place at any point in time.

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3
Q

vernal equinox

A

March 20-21. the perpendicular rays of the sun strike the equator, and the sun is directly overhead. At noon in the N Hemisphere

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4
Q

autumnal equinox

A

September 22-23. the perpendicular rays of the sun strike the equator, and the sun is directly overhead. At noon in the N Hemisphere

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5
Q

Tropic of Cancer

A

23.5 deg N latitude. the intensity of solar radiation is reduced to 92% of the level at the equator.

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6
Q

Tropic of Capricorn

A

23.5 deg S latitude. the intensity of solar radiation is reduced to 92% of the level at the equator.

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7
Q

summer solstice

A

June 20-21. The sun is directly overhead at noon at 23.5 deg N latitude (Tropic of Cancer)

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8
Q

winter solstice

A

December 21-22. When the sun is directly overhead at noon in the N Hemisphere at 23.5 deg S latitude.

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9
Q

short waves (insolation)

A

most insolation is this with wavelengths of .2-5 microns. Sun rays.

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10
Q

long waves (energy)

A

Most of the energy reradiated by Earth

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11
Q

greenhouse effect

A

The heating of the atmosphere. The atmosphere limits the loss of heat, causing temp to rise

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12
Q

convection

A

movement in any liquid, caused when part of the fluid is heated. Heated portion expands and becomes less dense, therefore it rises

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13
Q

advection

A

Horizontal transfer of air. Heat in ocean currents is an example

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14
Q

condensation

A

the conversion of water from vapor to a liquid state

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15
Q

relative humidity

A

the actual water content of the air, expressed as a percentage of how much water the air could hold at a given temp

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16
Q

convectional precipitation

A

air warmer than its surroundings rises, expands, and cools by this expansion

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17
Q

orographic precipitation

A

horizontal winds move air against mountain ranges, forcing air to rise as it passes over the mountains. As it rises, it cools

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18
Q

frontal precipitation

A

forms along a front. air is forced up a boundary between cold and warm air masses

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19
Q

cold front Fig. 2-17a

A

When cold air mass advances against a warmer one. Wedges under warm air and forces it to rise.

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20
Q

warm front Fig 2-17b

A

a warm air mass that advances against a cooler air. Less intense precipitation

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21
Q

warm front map symbol

A

looks like a sun with rounded teeth coming from it

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22
Q

cold front map symbol

A

looks like a sun with sharp teeth coming from it

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23
Q

average atmospheric pressure (mbs)

A

at sea level is 1,013.2 millibars

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24
Q

coriolis effect

A

The deflection of wind (and any other object moving above Earth’s rotating surface)

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25
Q

Fig. 2-22 highs and lows

A

caused by Earths rotation, deflects wind to the right of its expected path in the Northern Hemisphere. This causes spiraling circulation around high-and-low pressure centers. High (clockwise in N) Low( counter in north)

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26
Q

ITCZ

A

intertropical convergence zone. a zone between the Tropic of Cancer and Capricorn where surface winds converge

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27
Q

general circulation of atmosphere

A

patterns vary with seasons. In Jan. the pressure and winds are arranged into broad zones according to latitude. In July, these have moved northward.

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28
Q

hurricanes

A

tropical cyclones with wind velocities exceeding 119 km/hr (74 mph) in North America

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29
Q

typhoons

A

tropical cyclones with wind velocities exceeding 119 km/hr (74 mph) in the North Western Pacific

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30
Q

cyclones

A

tropical cyclones with wind velocities exceeding 119 km/hr (74 mph) in the Indian Ocean and NW Australia

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31
Q

El Nino

A

a circulation change in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean that occurs every few years. The usual cool flow from the S America westward is slowed and sometimes reversed, replaced by a warm water flow from central Pacific eastward

32
Q

tornadoes

A

formed when energy conditions in the atmosphere are such that extremely intense convection occurs

33
Q

climate

A

The atmospheric circulation patterns we see on any given day as the result of energy distribution patterns occurring at that time, and these change rapidly

34
Q

vertical climate zones

A
  • Tierra Caliente (70-80F)- Sea level, Bananas, Rice, Sugar Cane, Cotton, Pineapples, and Oil Palms
  • Tierra Templada (65-75)- 3000ft, Coffee, Citrus Fruit, Field Crops
  • Tierra Fria (55-65)- 6000ft, Potatoes, Cereals, Apples, Vegetables
  • Puna (20-55)- 10,000ft, Grazing, Tree Line
  • Tierra Helada (below 20)- 14,000 ft, Snow Line
35
Q

geomorphology

A

study of landforms and the processes that create them

36
Q

tectonic plates

A

pieces of Earths rigid crust that move

37
Q

volcanoes

A

surface vent where lava emerges. Clustered along tectonic plate boundaries

38
Q

igneous rocks

A

formed when molten crustal material cools and solidifies

39
Q

sedimentary rocks

A

result when rocks eroded from higher elevations accumulate at lower elevations.

40
Q

metamorphic rocks

A

created when rocks are exposed to great pressure and heat, altering them into more compact, crystalline rocks

41
Q

shields

A

vast areas of the continental crust

42
Q

normal faults

A

near a divergent plate boundary, rocks break apart because they are stretched

43
Q

weathering

A

process of breaking rocks into pieces ranging in size from boulders to pebbles, sand grains, and silt down to microscopic clay particles and dissolved solids.

44
Q

glaciers

A

thick layers of moving ice

45
Q

alpine glaciers

A

form wherever snow accumulates year after year without melting

46
Q

continental glaciers

A

over 3 kilometers thick cover vast areas of Greenland and Antarctica

47
Q

moraine

A

formed from the large amount of material dumped at the end of a glacier

48
Q

outwash plain

A

a broad, gently sloping plain made from the meltwater leaving the glacier and depositing the debris close to the glacier

49
Q

V shaped valley

A

In an unglaciated mountainous area caused by a stream

50
Q

U shaped valley

A

Formed when an alpine glacier flows through a V shaped valley, scouring away the rocks and rounds out the bottom

51
Q

tsunami

A

an extremely long sea wave created by an underwater earthquake; the wave may travel hundreds of kilometers an hour

52
Q

soil

A

a dynamic, porous layer of mineral and organic matter at Earths surface. Contains Rocks, Organic matter, dissolved substances, organisms, water from rainfall, and air

53
Q

parent material

A

Mineral matter such as rocks or transported sediments from which soil is formed

54
Q

soil horizons (O, A, B, C)

A

O-Organic matter
A-Contains waste from burrowing animals, material that has moved down from the O layer. This is the most nutrients for plant life
B-Formed from materials that have been moved down from the A layer by water
C-parent material

55
Q

oxisols

A

A deeply weathered, heavily oxidized soil of the humid tropics. Red in color

56
Q

mollisols

A

Grassland soil of subhumid-semiarid land, dark with plentiful organic material. Important agriculture soil in MW

57
Q

ultisols

A

red to yellow in color. well weathered soil with clayish B horizon. Found in warm humid climates

58
Q

spodosols

A

acidic soil formed under coniferous fores, with a light-colored, sandy A horizon and red-brown B horizon in which iron accumulates

59
Q

vertisols

A

soils with high content of clay minerals that swell and shrink on wetting and drying. Deep cracks open up in the Dry season

60
Q

alfisols

A

a moderately leached soil of humid subtropical and midlatitude forests, with clayish B horizon

61
Q

histosols

A

organic soils found in peat bogs and other areas of organic matter accumulation

62
Q

aridisols

A

dry, desert soil with limited organic matter, limited chemical weathering, and accumulations of soluble minerals

63
Q

soil fertility

A

ability of a soil to support plant growth by making nutrients available.

64
Q

A

A

Tropical Climate

65
Q

Af

A

Humid Tropical, warm, humid, no dry season

66
Q

Aw

A

Seasonal Humid tropical, warm, humid, dry low-sun season, wet high-sun season

67
Q

B

A

Dry

68
Q

BW

A

Desert

69
Q

BS

A

Semiarid

70
Q

C

A

Mid Latitude, warm summers, cool winters

71
Q

Cfa

A

Humid Subtropical, hot summers, no dry season

72
Q

Cfb

A

Marine West Coast, warm summer, no dry season

73
Q

Cs

A

Mediterranean, dry, warm summers,and cool, wet winters

74
Q

D

A

Mid Latitude cold winters

75
Q

Dfa

A

Humid Continental, hot summer, cold winter, no dry season

ISS 310 (4 decks)

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