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ISS 310 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

stream drainage

A

streams collect water from two sources: groundwater and overland flow

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2
Q

groundwater

A

When rain falls on the land surface, most of it soaks into the soil and accumulates as groundwater. It migrates slow through the soil and underlying rock. Supplies streams with water during dry periods.

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3
Q

drainage basin (watershed)

A

The area where a stream drains groundwater and overland flow from

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4
Q

drainage density

A

The combined length of all of the stream channels in a basin, divided by the area of the drainage basin.

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5
Q

floodplain

A

a nearly level surface at the bottom of the valley through which the stream is flowing.

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6
Q

longitudinal profile

A

the steep gradient of the land over which the streams flow

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7
Q

delta

A

Where a river enters the sea, the water velocity drops abruptly, and the sediment may form a large area of deposited sediment.

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8
Q

Succession

A

a process of ecosystem change in which organisms modify their immediate environments in ways that allow other species to establish themselves and dominate.

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9
Q

biomes

A

look at fig 4-22

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10
Q

tropical rainforest

A

has a top layer, or canopy, and two more layers beneath. Each layer with different dominating species and animal communities

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11
Q

broadleaf deciduous forest

A

exists in subtropical and midlatitude humid environments where seasonally cold conditions limit plant growth. Eastern United states. hard wood forest

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12
Q

boreal forest

A

thrives in cold, continental midlatitude climates

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13
Q

savanna

A

term refers to especially vegetation characteristic of large seasonally dry areas in tropical Africa and South America.

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14
Q

chaparral

A

this is a distinctive shrubland vegetation type of Mediterranean Climates. A shrub woodland dominated by hard-leaved trees and shrubs that withstand the severe summer aridity and flammable waxy-leaf coatings.

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15
Q

tall grass (prairies)

A

agriculture. Praries

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16
Q

short grass (steppes)

A

less rainfall. Grazing land. Steppe

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17
Q

xeropphytes

A

Plants that live in desert biomes that are adapted to moisture stress.

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18
Q

3 characteristics of natural resources

A
  1. A society’s CULTURAL VALUES influence peoples decisions that a commodity is desirable and acceptable to use
  2. A society’s level of TECHNOLOGY must be high enough to use the resource
  3. A society’s ECONOMIC SYSTEM affects whether a resource is affordable and accessible.
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19
Q

fossil fuels

A

A source of chemical energy stored in formerly living plant and animal tissue. Coal, oil, and natural gas are fossil fuels

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20
Q

hydroelectric power

A

Electricity generated by water passing through turbines at a dam

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21
Q

population geography

A

the distribution of humankind across our planet

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22
Q

emigration (out migration)

A

the departure of persons from a place

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23
Q

immigration (in migration)

A

when people move to a place from somewhere else

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24
Q

demography

A

the study of individual populations in terms of specific group characteristics. These characteristics might include distribution of age within the group, the relative number of males and females, income levels, or any other thing.

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25
Q

arithmetic density

A

the number of people per unit area

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26
Q

physiological density

A

the density of population per unit of crop land

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27
Q

Fig. 5-2 (USA & So. America)

A

USA is the third largest country behind Asia and India

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28
Q

crude birth rate (CBR)

A

the annual number of live births per 1000 people

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29
Q

total fertility rate (TFR)

A

the average number of children that would be born to each woman in a given societyif, during her childbearing years (15-49), she bore children at the current year’s rate for women at that age.

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30
Q

replacement rate (2.1)

A

anything below 2.1 means that the country’s population is decreasing.

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31
Q

doubling time

A

this is the number of years it would take for a country’s population to double at its present rate of increase

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32
Q

population pyramid

A

represents two aspects of a population: age and gender

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33
Q

dependency rate

A

what proportion of a country are in their most productive years

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34
Q

demographic transition model

A

defines a pattern of growth that exhibits four stages:

  1. both CBR and CDR are high so population does not increase rapidly
  2. As incomes increase and medical science advances, CDR drops
  3. CBR begin to fall. Children begin to be seen as expensive and people dont have as many.
  4. CBR and CDR converge and the population size stabilizes
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35
Q

infant mortality rate

A

the number of infants per 1000 who die before reaching 1 year of age

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36
Q

sex ratio

A

ratio of males to females

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37
Q

migration

A

people moving to another area to live

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38
Q

push factors

A

factors of a place that force people to leave and look for another place to live

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39
Q

pull factors

A

factors that draw people to a certain place

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40
Q

Fig. 5-25

A

Alot of slaves sent to South America and Caribbean

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41
Q

the five 2000 census categories p. 196

A

White, Black, American Indian, Asian, Native Hawaiian, Two or more races

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42
Q

Limiting Factors

A
  1. Soil Drainage and Topography
    - xeric-Dry, Low fertility
    - hydric-wet, Low fertility
    - mesic- moist, moderate fertility
  2. Time—Succession(when trees replace another tree species)
  3. Climate-major limiting factor for plant growth
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43
Q

Siskiyou Mtns

A

on border of CA and OR. Most species rich area in W. US. 30+ conifers. 1400 mms of rain. Many ecological niches. 22o types of plants.

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44
Q

Invasive species

A

plants brought into US and take over. KUDZU- grows in South. From Japan in 1800s to stop erosion.

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45
Q

Michigan Forests

A

75 tree species. Sugar Maple is most common( helicopters).

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46
Q

Beech Maple Forest (MI Forest 1)

A 
Beech and Maple trees combined
Most common forest
Mesic sites
Indicator of Fertile soil
Southern Part of Lower Peninsula
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47
Q

Oak-Hickory Forest (MI Forest 2)

A 
2nd most common forest
xeric sites(dry), sandy soils
southern part of lower peninsula.  Fills in where beech maple forests dont grow
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48
Q

Ash Borer

A

Disease.

Burrows into ash trees and kills them

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49
Q

Elm-Ash & Willow trees (MI forest 3)

A

like hydric sites

flood plains

50
Q

Ecotone (flouristic transition zone)

A

Bay to Muskegon in Michigan.
North of this zone are pine trees (coniferous)
-Cedar, Fir, Spruce

51
Q

Hartwick Pines State Park

A

Just outside Grayling
Massive Pine trees
Susceptible to lightning

52
Q

Invasive species of Michigan

A 
Spotted Knapweed (N MI)
   -grows on sandy uplands
   -Makes excellent honey.  bees love it
Purple loosestrife
    -wetlands
Praries
53
Q

The Amazon

A 
20% of World Oxygen
25% USA Medicines
20% Worlds fresh water
54% of worlds rainforest
700 tree species/hectare
1.1 billion football fields
54
Q

Savannah Biome (SA)

A 
mostly grass with scattered trees
Cerrado-adjacent to rainforest
       -agriculture frontier
      -Tropical wet and dry climate (Aw)
              -cold in july, aug, sept
              -warm during our winter
55
Q

Pampas Biome (SA)

A

grassland biome
Like midwest with a georgia climate
cattle ranching

56
Q

Patagonia Biome (SA)

A

southern most biome of argentina
dry, very little rain fall
-<250 mm

57
Q

Atacama Desert (SA)

A 
Nortthern Chile
One of the driest deserts in the world
Haven't seen water in 60 years
Good for mining
       -copper and NO3
58
Q

Amazon Forest Succession

A

Emergent Layer, Closed Canopy, Understory, Forest Floor

59
Q

Public Trust Doctrine (1934)

A

The public has the right of access to any navigable river or lake

60
Q

Navigatable Meaning

A

Any stream that can transport a boat or canoe with one person aboard
Any stream that floats or transports logs
Any Stream that is used as a public fishery

61
Q

Great Lakes (HOMES)

A

3200 Miles of shoreline
Never more than 85 miles from one of them
Delta County has most shore
MI controls 21% of Surface
40 of 83 Counties in MI touch the great lakes

62
Q

Competing Usages of Great Lakes

A 
Drinking Water
Power Generation
Agriculture
Manufacturing
Shipping 
Diversions
63
Q

Ordinary High Water Mark

A

Legally have a right to walk here for public

64
Q

Michigan Inland Lakes

A 
>11000 Lakes
835 in Marquette
443 in Oakland
327 in Barry
Largest lake in MI is Houghton Lake
65
Q

Houghton Lake

A

Headwater for Muskegon River

66
Q

Sanilac and Arenac County

A

Only two counties in MI that have no natural lakes.

On Lacustrine Plain

67
Q

Finger Lakes MI

A

Torch Lake

68
Q

Shoreline Lakes MI

A

Along West side of state

Good For Lumbering

69
Q

Public Lakes in MI

A

Public lakes are meandered

70
Q

Private Lakes in MI

A

a Person owns the bottom of the lake

71
Q

Rivers and streams in MI

A

> 300 named rivers
35,000 miles
Never more than 5 miles
Longest River is Grand River

72
Q

Grand River

A

From Hillsdale County to Lake Michigan at Grand Haven

73
Q

Dams in MI

A

110 generate electricity
2552 in MI
Most are in Lake Michigan Watershed

74
Q

Riparian rights

A

Use it but dont abuse it

Use but do not diminish the flow and quality

75
Q

Prior Appropriation

A

first come, first serve

first person to put water to beneficial use, get share first

76
Q

Interior Drainage

A

Nevada and Utah

77
Q

South America Watershed %

A

Orinoco 6%
Amazon 40%
La Plata 25%

78
Q

Amazon River

A

4000 miles long
no bridges
navigable to Iquitos, Peru
transportation

79
Q

White Water

A

less acidic, more mosquitos, fertile soil, more dense

80
Q

black water

A

acid, fewer mosquitos, soils are low fertility

81
Q

Brasil Hydroelectric Dams

A

80% of electricity from hydro

Many in amazon (60 Proposed)

82
Q

Tucurui Dam

A

4th Largest in World

83
Q

La Plata Watershed

A

Itaipu Dam- Border of Brasil and Paraguay. 2nd Largest in the world

Iguazu Falls-Brasil and Argentina

84
Q

Orinoco Watershed

A

Angel Falls-venezuela, highest in world, 3,212 ft

Lake Titicaca-Bolivia and Peru, 12,500 ft, largest and highest navigable in world

85
Q

pantanal

A

wetland

86
Q

Michigan Pop

A

9.9 million
8th largest
Became state in 1837

87
Q

10 Most Populous States

A 
California
Texas
New York
Florida
Illinois
Pennsylvania
Ohio
Michigan
Georgia
North Carolina
88
Q

US census

A

1st in 1790

Every 10 years

89
Q

Demography

A

Numbers
Patterns
Composition (whats pop like)
Change

90
Q

Michigan Population Percentages

A 
77% White
14% Black
4% Hispanic
2% Asian
.4% Native American
91
Q

Baby Boom Years

A

1946-1964

Most Parents are 1955-1957

92
Q

Fastest Growing Counties

A

Livingston and Clinton

93
Q

CBR-CDR=RNI

A

Crude Birth Rate-Crude Death Rate=Rate of Natural Increase

94
Q

Doubling time equation

A

70/RNI= number of years to double population

95
Q

Michigan Centers of Populations

A

1840-Jackson County
1900-Gratiot County
2000-Shiawahsee County

96
Q

USA Population

A

315 million, 3rd largest
80 people/ sq mile of land
450 people / sq mile of cropland

97
Q

USA Trapezoid

A 
Contains 45% of US population
Boundary Points:
Boston,MA
Minneapolis, MN
Kansas City, MO
Norfolk, VA
98
Q

World Consumption

A

US is number 1

99
Q

100 deg W Line

A

Counties along this line are losing populations at the greatest rate.
The UP and Northern Minnesota are also decreasing

100
Q

USA population Percentages

A 
64% White
16% Hispanic
12% Black
5% Asian
1% Native American
101
Q

Nationality of Majority of Whites

A

German
Irish
English
Italian

102
Q

population Dynamics

A

births, deaths, Migration in, Migration out

103
Q

3 Ways to be a US Citizen

A

Born in the US
Mother is a US citizen
Naturalization

104
Q

Central America Pop

A

40 Million

  • clustered
  • Volcanic Mtns-most people live near here because of fertile soil
  • Pacific Side-Most clustered on this side because other side is wet, damp, mosquitos
    - most live in the tierra templada
105
Q

Guatemala

A

largest population in CA.

13 million people

106
Q

Human Development Index (HDI)

A 
ranking from 1-182
Based on:
Gross National Product
Literacy
Life Expectancy
107
Q

HDI in Central America (best/worst)

A 
best= Costa Rica (54)
worst= Guatemala (122)
108
Q

Belize main Language

A

english

109
Q

People of Central America

A

Indians-2nd most (natives)
Blancos-whites, from spain/europe
Africans-slaves(blacks)
Mestizo-mix of blanco and Indian (most people)
Mulatto-mix of blancos and Africans
Zambo-Mix of Indians and Africans (least)

110
Q

South America Pop

A

388 Million people
Coastal (80% within 200 Miles of coast)
Clustered

111
Q

Human Development Index (HDI) of South America

A

Three Best HDI:
Chile-44
Argentina-49
Uruguay-50

112
Q

People of South America

A 
Indio-Natives
African-Blacks
Blanco/Euro-Whites
Zambo-Mix of Indian and African
Mulatto-Mix of African and Blanco
Pardo-Mix of Indian and Blanco
113
Q

Blancos Different Names

A

Crillos-born in South America
Peninsulares-born in spain/portugal
-used to mean a higher standing

114
Q

Brasil Population Percentages

A 
48% white
42% Pardo
8% Black
1% Asian
.4% Indian
115
Q

Argentina People

A

40 million

“Spanish speaking Germans and Italians, who think that they are English”

116
Q

Countries with Majority Indian Natives In SA

A

Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Paraguay

117
Q

Peru Pop

A

29 Million

Majority of people live in the desert area because its where people settled

118
Q

Caribbean Islands People

A

40 million

90 % of the people here are africans and mulattos (mix of white and black)

119
Q

Languages of the Caribbean

A

English, French, Spanish, Dutch, Creole

120
Q

Caribbean HDI

A

Barbados-31

Haiti-131

ISS 310 (4 decks)

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