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ISS 310 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

stream drainage

A

streams collect water from two sources: groundwater and overland flow

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2
Q

groundwater

A

When rain falls on the land surface, most of it soaks into the soil and accumulates as groundwater. It migrates slow through the soil and underlying rock. Supplies streams with water during dry periods.

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3
Q

drainage basin (watershed)

A

The area where a stream drains groundwater and overland flow from

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4
Q

drainage density

A

The combined length of all of the stream channels in a basin, divided by the area of the drainage basin.

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5
Q

floodplain

A

a nearly level surface at the bottom of the valley through which the stream is flowing.

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6
Q

longitudinal profile

A

the steep gradient of the land over which the streams flow

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7
Q

delta

A

Where a river enters the sea, the water velocity drops abruptly, and the sediment may form a large area of deposited sediment.

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8
Q

Succession

A

a process of ecosystem change in which organisms modify their immediate environments in ways that allow other species to establish themselves and dominate.

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9
Q

biomes

A

look at fig 4-22

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10
Q

tropical rainforest

A

has a top layer, or canopy, and two more layers beneath. Each layer with different dominating species and animal communities

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11
Q

broadleaf deciduous forest

A

exists in subtropical and midlatitude humid environments where seasonally cold conditions limit plant growth. Eastern United states. hard wood forest

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12
Q

boreal forest

A

thrives in cold, continental midlatitude climates

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13
Q

savanna

A

term refers to especially vegetation characteristic of large seasonally dry areas in tropical Africa and South America.

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14
Q

chaparral

A

this is a distinctive shrubland vegetation type of Mediterranean Climates. A shrub woodland dominated by hard-leaved trees and shrubs that withstand the severe summer aridity and flammable waxy-leaf coatings.

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15
Q

tall grass (prairies)

A

agriculture. Praries

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16
Q

short grass (steppes)

A

less rainfall. Grazing land. Steppe

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17
Q

xeropphytes

A

Plants that live in desert biomes that are adapted to moisture stress.

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18
Q

3 characteristics of natural resources

A
  1. A society’s CULTURAL VALUES influence peoples decisions that a commodity is desirable and acceptable to use
  2. A society’s level of TECHNOLOGY must be high enough to use the resource
  3. A society’s ECONOMIC SYSTEM affects whether a resource is affordable and accessible.
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19
Q

fossil fuels

A

A source of chemical energy stored in formerly living plant and animal tissue. Coal, oil, and natural gas are fossil fuels

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20
Q

hydroelectric power

A

Electricity generated by water passing through turbines at a dam

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21
Q

population geography

A

the distribution of humankind across our planet

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22
Q

emigration (out migration)

A

the departure of persons from a place

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23
Q

immigration (in migration)

A

when people move to a place from somewhere else

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24
Q

demography

A

the study of individual populations in terms of specific group characteristics. These characteristics might include distribution of age within the group, the relative number of males and females, income levels, or any other thing.

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25
arithmetic density
the number of people per unit area
26
physiological density
the density of population per unit of crop land
27
Fig. 5-2 (USA & So. America)
USA is the third largest country behind Asia and India
28
crude birth rate (CBR)
the annual number of live births per 1000 people
29
total fertility rate (TFR)
the average number of children that would be born to each woman in a given societyif, during her childbearing years (15-49), she bore children at the current year's rate for women at that age.
30
replacement rate (2.1)
anything below 2.1 means that the country's population is decreasing.
31
doubling time
this is the number of years it would take for a country's population to double at its present rate of increase
32
population pyramid
represents two aspects of a population: age and gender
33
dependency rate
what proportion of a country are in their most productive years
34
demographic transition model
defines a pattern of growth that exhibits four stages: 1. both CBR and CDR are high so population does not increase rapidly 2. As incomes increase and medical science advances, CDR drops 3. CBR begin to fall. Children begin to be seen as expensive and people dont have as many. 4. CBR and CDR converge and the population size stabilizes
35
infant mortality rate
the number of infants per 1000 who die before reaching 1 year of age
36
sex ratio
ratio of males to females
37
migration
people moving to another area to live
38
push factors
factors of a place that force people to leave and look for another place to live
39
pull factors
factors that draw people to a certain place
40
Fig. 5-25
Alot of slaves sent to South America and Caribbean
41
the five 2000 census categories p. 196
White, Black, American Indian, Asian, Native Hawaiian, Two or more races
42
Limiting Factors
1. Soil Drainage and Topography - xeric-Dry, Low fertility - hydric-wet, Low fertility - mesic- moist, moderate fertility 2. Time---Succession(when trees replace another tree species) 3. Climate-major limiting factor for plant growth
43
Siskiyou Mtns
on border of CA and OR. Most species rich area in W. US. 30+ conifers. 1400 mms of rain. Many ecological niches. 22o types of plants.
44
Invasive species
plants brought into US and take over. KUDZU- grows in South. From Japan in 1800s to stop erosion.
45
Michigan Forests
75 tree species. Sugar Maple is most common( helicopters).
46
Beech Maple Forest (MI Forest 1)
``` Beech and Maple trees combined Most common forest Mesic sites Indicator of Fertile soil Southern Part of Lower Peninsula ```
47
Oak-Hickory Forest (MI Forest 2)
``` 2nd most common forest xeric sites(dry), sandy soils southern part of lower peninsula. Fills in where beech maple forests dont grow ```
48
Ash Borer
Disease. | Burrows into ash trees and kills them
49
Elm-Ash & Willow trees (MI forest 3)
like hydric sites | flood plains
50
Ecotone (flouristic transition zone)
Bay to Muskegon in Michigan. North of this zone are pine trees (coniferous) -Cedar, Fir, Spruce
51
Hartwick Pines State Park
Just outside Grayling Massive Pine trees Susceptible to lightning
52
Invasive species of Michigan
``` Spotted Knapweed (N MI) -grows on sandy uplands -Makes excellent honey. bees love it Purple loosestrife -wetlands Praries ```
53
The Amazon
``` 20% of World Oxygen 25% USA Medicines 20% Worlds fresh water 54% of worlds rainforest 700 tree species/hectare 1.1 billion football fields ```
54
Savannah Biome (SA)
``` mostly grass with scattered trees Cerrado-adjacent to rainforest -agriculture frontier -Tropical wet and dry climate (Aw) -cold in july, aug, sept -warm during our winter ```
55
Pampas Biome (SA)
grassland biome Like midwest with a georgia climate cattle ranching
56
Patagonia Biome (SA)
southern most biome of argentina dry, very little rain fall -<250 mm
57
Atacama Desert (SA)
``` Nortthern Chile One of the driest deserts in the world Haven't seen water in 60 years Good for mining -copper and NO3 ```
58
Amazon Forest Succession
Emergent Layer, Closed Canopy, Understory, Forest Floor
59
Public Trust Doctrine (1934)
The public has the right of access to any navigable river or lake
60
Navigatable Meaning
Any stream that can transport a boat or canoe with one person aboard Any stream that floats or transports logs Any Stream that is used as a public fishery
61
Great Lakes (HOMES)
3200 Miles of shoreline Never more than 85 miles from one of them Delta County has most shore MI controls 21% of Surface 40 of 83 Counties in MI touch the great lakes
62
Competing Usages of Great Lakes
``` Drinking Water Power Generation Agriculture Manufacturing Shipping Diversions ```
63
Ordinary High Water Mark
Legally have a right to walk here for public
64
Michigan Inland Lakes
``` >11000 Lakes 835 in Marquette 443 in Oakland 327 in Barry Largest lake in MI is Houghton Lake ```
65
Houghton Lake
Headwater for Muskegon River
66
Sanilac and Arenac County
Only two counties in MI that have no natural lakes. | On Lacustrine Plain
67
Finger Lakes MI
Torch Lake
68
Shoreline Lakes MI
Along West side of state | Good For Lumbering
69
Public Lakes in MI
Public lakes are meandered
70
Private Lakes in MI
a Person owns the bottom of the lake
71
Rivers and streams in MI
>300 named rivers 35,000 miles Never more than 5 miles Longest River is Grand River
72
Grand River
From Hillsdale County to Lake Michigan at Grand Haven
73
Dams in MI
110 generate electricity 2552 in MI Most are in Lake Michigan Watershed
74
Riparian rights
Use it but dont abuse it | Use but do not diminish the flow and quality
75
Prior Appropriation
first come, first serve | first person to put water to beneficial use, get share first
76
Interior Drainage
Nevada and Utah
77
South America Watershed %
Orinoco 6% Amazon 40% La Plata 25%
78
Amazon River
4000 miles long no bridges navigable to Iquitos, Peru transportation
79
White Water
less acidic, more mosquitos, fertile soil, more dense
80
black water
acid, fewer mosquitos, soils are low fertility
81
Brasil Hydroelectric Dams
80% of electricity from hydro | Many in amazon (60 Proposed)
82
Tucurui Dam
4th Largest in World
83
La Plata Watershed
Itaipu Dam- Border of Brasil and Paraguay. 2nd Largest in the world Iguazu Falls-Brasil and Argentina
84
Orinoco Watershed
Angel Falls-venezuela, highest in world, 3,212 ft Lake Titicaca-Bolivia and Peru, 12,500 ft, largest and highest navigable in world
85
pantanal
wetland
86
Michigan Pop
9.9 million 8th largest Became state in 1837
87
10 Most Populous States
``` California Texas New York Florida Illinois Pennsylvania Ohio Michigan Georgia North Carolina ```
88
US census
1st in 1790 | Every 10 years
89
Demography
Numbers Patterns Composition (whats pop like) Change
90
Michigan Population Percentages
``` 77% White 14% Black 4% Hispanic 2% Asian .4% Native American ```
91
Baby Boom Years
1946-1964 | Most Parents are 1955-1957
92
Fastest Growing Counties
Livingston and Clinton
93
CBR-CDR=RNI
Crude Birth Rate-Crude Death Rate=Rate of Natural Increase
94
Doubling time equation
70/RNI= number of years to double population
95
Michigan Centers of Populations
1840-Jackson County 1900-Gratiot County 2000-Shiawahsee County
96
USA Population
315 million, 3rd largest 80 people/ sq mile of land 450 people / sq mile of cropland
97
USA Trapezoid
``` Contains 45% of US population Boundary Points: Boston,MA Minneapolis, MN Kansas City, MO Norfolk, VA ```
98
World Consumption
US is number 1
99
100 deg W Line
Counties along this line are losing populations at the greatest rate. The UP and Northern Minnesota are also decreasing
100
USA population Percentages
``` 64% White 16% Hispanic 12% Black 5% Asian 1% Native American ```
101
Nationality of Majority of Whites
German Irish English Italian
102
population Dynamics
births, deaths, Migration in, Migration out
103
3 Ways to be a US Citizen
Born in the US Mother is a US citizen Naturalization
104
Central America Pop
40 Million - clustered - Volcanic Mtns-most people live near here because of fertile soil - Pacific Side-Most clustered on this side because other side is wet, damp, mosquitos - most live in the tierra templada
105
Guatemala
largest population in CA. | 13 million people
106
Human Development Index (HDI)
``` ranking from 1-182 Based on: Gross National Product Literacy Life Expectancy ```
107
HDI in Central America (best/worst)
``` best= Costa Rica (54) worst= Guatemala (122) ```
108
Belize main Language
english
109
People of Central America
Indians-2nd most (natives) Blancos-whites, from spain/europe Africans-slaves(blacks) Mestizo-mix of blanco and Indian (most people) Mulatto-mix of blancos and Africans Zambo-Mix of Indians and Africans (least)
110
South America Pop
388 Million people Coastal (80% within 200 Miles of coast) Clustered
111
Human Development Index (HDI) of South America
Three Best HDI: Chile-44 Argentina-49 Uruguay-50
112
People of South America
``` Indio-Natives African-Blacks Blanco/Euro-Whites Zambo-Mix of Indian and African Mulatto-Mix of African and Blanco Pardo-Mix of Indian and Blanco ```
113
Blancos Different Names
Crillos-born in South America Peninsulares-born in spain/portugal -used to mean a higher standing
114
Brasil Population Percentages
``` 48% white 42% Pardo 8% Black 1% Asian .4% Indian ```
115
Argentina People
40 million | "Spanish speaking Germans and Italians, who think that they are English"
116
Countries with Majority Indian Natives In SA
Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Paraguay
117
Peru Pop
29 Million | Majority of people live in the desert area because its where people settled
118
Caribbean Islands People
40 million | 90 % of the people here are africans and mulattos (mix of white and black)
119
Languages of the Caribbean
English, French, Spanish, Dutch, Creole
120
Caribbean HDI
Barbados-31 | Haiti-131

ISS 310 (4 decks)

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