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ISS 310 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

physical geography

A

Studies the characteristics of the physical environment

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2
Q

Human Geography

A

• Studies human groups and their activities, such as language, industry, and the building of cities; it’s a social science

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3
Q

Cultural Geography

A

Focuses on the role of human cultures

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4
Q

Cartography

A

mapmaking

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5
Q

regional geography

A

• Describes and analyzes places in terms of categories such as local populaion, customs, politics, economy, and religion.

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6
Q

Topical Geography

A
  • Also known as systematic geography
  • Notes how particular topic varies across regions
  • Examines topics of universal application or occurrence
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7
Q

Formal region

A

One that exhibits essential uniformity in one or more physical or cultural features, such as a country or mountain range

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8
Q

Functional Region

A

One defined by interactions among places, such as trade or communication

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9
Q

vernacular region

A

defined by widespread popular perception of their existence by people within or outside them.
Ex.- midwest, south, north

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10
Q

spatial analysis

A

i.e. locational analysis
looks for patterns in the distribution of human actions and environmental processes and in movements across Earth’s surfaces

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11
Q

distribution

A

position, placement, or arrangement throughout space.

Defined by density, concentration, and pattern

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12
Q

density

A

the frequency of occurrence of a phenomenon in relation to geographic area.

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13
Q

concentrations

A

distribution of a phenomenon within a given area.

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14
Q

patterns

A

geometrical arrangement of objects within an area

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15
Q

distance decay

A

the presence or impact of any phenomenon may diminish away from its origin, jast as the volume of a sound diminishes the further it travels from its source

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16
Q

diffusion

A

the process of an item or feature spreading through time

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17
Q

natural landscape

A

landscape without evidence of human activity

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18
Q

cultural landscape

A

landscape that reveals the many ways people modify their local environment

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19
Q

geographic grid

A

North Pole, south pole, and equator

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20
Q

latitude

A

angular distance measured north and south of the equator
1 deg = 69 miles
1 minute = 1.2 miles
1 second = 101 feet

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21
Q

parallels

A

lines connecting all points of the same latitude. They do not intersect

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22
Q

longitude

A

the angular distance measured east or west on Earth’s surface

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23
Q

meridians

A

imaginary lines extending from pole to pole and crossing all parallels at right angles

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24
Q

prime meridian

A

longitude is measured from this, was chosen by international conference in 1884.
Passes through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich England.

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25
GMT (Greenwich Mean Time)
the time at the prime meridian, or 0 degrees longitude
26
International Date Line
mostly follows 180 deg. longitude. When crossed heading east toward North America, the calendar moves back one day. When crossed going wet towards Asia, the calendar moves ahead one day.
27
thematic mapping
maps that display specific types of information. | Point data, chloropleth data
28
maps
2-dimensional (flat) representations of some portion of Earth's surface
29
written statement
e.g. ( 1 inch = 1 mile). | a way to express a map scale
30
representative fraction
a type of map scale | e.g. (1:63,360) meaning that one unit of length on the map corresponds to 63,360 units on the ground
31
graphic scale
a map scale in which a bar on the map is labeled with ground distances
32
small scale e.g. 1:1,000,000
maps like world maps in the book show the land in a very small space Large number in denominator
33
large scale e.g. 1:62,500
a map such as a street map that shows a given area in a large space
34
projections
the transferral of locations on Earth's surface to locations on a flat map
35
conformal maps
maps that distort size but preserve shape
36
equal area maps
maps that preserve size but distort shape | i.e. equivalent projections
37
conic projections Fig. 1-21
look in notes for drawing
38
cylindrical projections
shows true direction, distortion of landmasses
39
planar projections
look in notes for drawing
40
GPS
(global positioning system) 1978 | navigational tool used to determine exact positioning on earth using satellites.
41
GIS
(geographic information systems) | computer based, stores data, manipulate and analyze data, and display data in map format
42
Mercator projection
most common conformal map projections. preserves shape and thus orientation. good for navigation. lines of latitude and longitude form perfect rectangular grid. fits conveniently on a printed page
43
raster data
are arranged in a rectangular grid of cells, which are all the same size. Format in pixels
44
vector data
are based on points with X and Y coordinates that specify location. Three basic types: points, lines, polygons
45
topographic maps
show elevation and terrain features | Shows physical and cultural (anything man-made)
46
map scale
a quantitative statement of the relative sizes of an object on the map and in reality.
47
magnetic declination
the angle between magnetic north, and true north
48
7.5 minute series
most detailed map series used for hunting, hiking 7.5 minutes latitude * 7.5 minutes longitude
49
contour lines
measure elevation of earths surface never cross, never join are complete polugons
50
contour interval
vertical distance between contour lines | 5ft (flat)_____50ft (steep)
51
bench marks
measure and marked elevation used for reference shows elevation above/below sea level
52
Map Colors
``` red= fences, roads, property blue= water bodies green= forests brown= contour lines pink= urbanization black= buildings and human made ```
53
direction symbols
N,S,E,W
54
Topographic map symbols
show buildings, fences, roads, mines, railroad, rivers, topography, forests, lakes, swamps
55
french long lots
long narrow strips of land so that everyone could get access to the river French-MI,FL Spanish in TX
56
mete and bounds
irregular shapes. out east
57
USPLSS
United States Public Land Survey System
58
Ordinance of 1785
Developed systematic way of dividing up lands by 6*6 townships
59
POB 1785
where the public land survey began | in OH, PA, WV
60
The Geographers Line
Point where pennsylvania boundary intersects Ohio river. Began in 1785. Runs due west for 42 miles
61
Base Line
Southern part of Ingham
62
Michigan Meridian
POB was sept 29, 1815 Hillsdale and Lenniway county Finished at Sault St Marie in 1840
63
Survey Townships 6*6 miles
36 sections
64
Towns (T)
North or South
65
Ranges (R)
East or West
66
Section= 1*1 mile
640 acres
67
1 acre = ?
43,560 sq. ft
68
school section = ?
#16
69
Gunter Chain = ?
66 feet
70
bearings
1. heading - N or S 2. Angle - 0 to 90 3. Direction - E or W
71
rank order correlation (r)
measures the strength of relationship between variables -1.0____________0.0____________+1.0 ``` r = 1.0- ( 6 * d^2)/ (N^3-N) d= difference N= number of observers ```
72
legal land descriptions
give precise location for a parcel of land real estate transactions avoid land ownership disputes township is 6*6 miles with 36 sections
73
NW Territory
MI, IL, IN, OH, MN, WI | Settle land claims with states and settle private claims
74
Act of Feb 11, 1805
Made all corners fixed | Made all boundary lines fixed to a corner
75
Correction line
every 60 miles there is a correction line
76
1862 Homestead Act
if you live out on the frontier, you get 160 years
77
15 min quadrangle vs. 7.5 min quadrangle
1:62,500 vs 1:24,000 | less detail, more area vs more detail, less area

ISS 310 (4 decks)

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