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ISS 310 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

physical geography

A

Studies the characteristics of the physical environment

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2
Q

Human Geography

A

• Studies human groups and their activities, such as language, industry, and the building of cities; it’s a social science

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3
Q

Cultural Geography

A

Focuses on the role of human cultures

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4
Q

Cartography

A

mapmaking

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5
Q

regional geography

A

• Describes and analyzes places in terms of categories such as local populaion, customs, politics, economy, and religion.

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6
Q

Topical Geography

A
  • Also known as systematic geography
  • Notes how particular topic varies across regions
  • Examines topics of universal application or occurrence
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7
Q

Formal region

A

One that exhibits essential uniformity in one or more physical or cultural features, such as a country or mountain range

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8
Q

Functional Region

A

One defined by interactions among places, such as trade or communication

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9
Q

vernacular region

A

defined by widespread popular perception of their existence by people within or outside them.
Ex.- midwest, south, north

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10
Q

spatial analysis

A

i.e. locational analysis
looks for patterns in the distribution of human actions and environmental processes and in movements across Earth’s surfaces

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11
Q

distribution

A

position, placement, or arrangement throughout space.

Defined by density, concentration, and pattern

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12
Q

density

A

the frequency of occurrence of a phenomenon in relation to geographic area.

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13
Q

concentrations

A

distribution of a phenomenon within a given area.

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14
Q

patterns

A

geometrical arrangement of objects within an area

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15
Q

distance decay

A

the presence or impact of any phenomenon may diminish away from its origin, jast as the volume of a sound diminishes the further it travels from its source

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16
Q

diffusion

A

the process of an item or feature spreading through time

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17
Q

natural landscape

A

landscape without evidence of human activity

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18
Q

cultural landscape

A

landscape that reveals the many ways people modify their local environment

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19
Q

geographic grid

A

North Pole, south pole, and equator

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20
Q

latitude

A

angular distance measured north and south of the equator
1 deg = 69 miles
1 minute = 1.2 miles
1 second = 101 feet

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21
Q

parallels

A

lines connecting all points of the same latitude. They do not intersect

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22
Q

longitude

A

the angular distance measured east or west on Earth’s surface

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23
Q

meridians

A

imaginary lines extending from pole to pole and crossing all parallels at right angles

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24
Q

prime meridian

A

longitude is measured from this, was chosen by international conference in 1884.
Passes through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich England.

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25
Q

GMT (Greenwich Mean Time)

A

the time at the prime meridian, or 0 degrees longitude

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26
Q

International Date Line

A

mostly follows 180 deg. longitude. When crossed heading east toward North America, the calendar moves back one day. When crossed going wet towards Asia, the calendar moves ahead one day.

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27
Q

thematic mapping

A

maps that display specific types of information.

Point data, chloropleth data

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28
Q

maps

A

2-dimensional (flat) representations of some portion of Earth’s surface

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29
Q

written statement

A

e.g. ( 1 inch = 1 mile).

a way to express a map scale

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30
Q

representative fraction

A

a type of map scale

e.g. (1:63,360) meaning that one unit of length on the map corresponds to 63,360 units on the ground

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31
Q

graphic scale

A

a map scale in which a bar on the map is labeled with ground distances

32
Q

small scale e.g. 1:1,000,000

A

maps like world maps in the book show the land in a very small space
Large number in denominator

33
Q

large scale e.g. 1:62,500

A

a map such as a street map that shows a given area in a large space

34
Q

projections

A

the transferral of locations on Earth’s surface to locations on a flat map

35
Q

conformal maps

A

maps that distort size but preserve shape

36
Q

equal area maps

A

maps that preserve size but distort shape

i.e. equivalent projections

37
Q

conic projections Fig. 1-21

A

look in notes for drawing

38
Q

cylindrical projections

A

shows true direction, distortion of landmasses

39
Q

planar projections

A

look in notes for drawing

40
Q

GPS

A

(global positioning system) 1978

navigational tool used to determine exact positioning on earth using satellites.

41
Q

GIS

A

(geographic information systems)

computer based, stores data, manipulate and analyze data, and display data in map format

42
Q

Mercator projection

A

most common conformal map projections. preserves shape and thus orientation. good for navigation. lines of latitude and longitude form perfect rectangular grid. fits conveniently on a printed page

43
Q

raster data

A

are arranged in a rectangular grid of cells, which are all the same size.
Format in pixels

44
Q

vector data

A

are based on points with X and Y coordinates that specify location.
Three basic types: points, lines, polygons

45
Q

topographic maps

A

show elevation and terrain features

Shows physical and cultural (anything man-made)

46
Q

map scale

A

a quantitative statement of the relative sizes of an object on the map and in reality.

47
Q

magnetic declination

A

the angle between magnetic north, and true north

48
Q

7.5 minute series

A

most detailed map series
used for hunting, hiking
7.5 minutes latitude * 7.5 minutes longitude

49
Q

contour lines

A

measure elevation of earths surface
never cross, never join
are complete polugons

50
Q

contour interval

A

vertical distance between contour lines

5ft (flat)_____50ft (steep)

51
Q

bench marks

A

measure and marked elevation
used for reference
shows elevation above/below sea level

52
Q

Map Colors

A 
red= fences, roads, property
blue= water bodies
green= forests
brown= contour lines
pink= urbanization
black= buildings and human made
53
Q

direction symbols

A

N,S,E,W

54
Q

Topographic map symbols

A

show buildings, fences, roads, mines, railroad, rivers, topography, forests, lakes, swamps

55
Q

french long lots

A

long narrow strips of land so that everyone could get access to the river
French-MI,FL Spanish in TX

56
Q

mete and bounds

A

irregular shapes. out east

57
Q

USPLSS

A

United States Public Land Survey System

58
Q

Ordinance of 1785

A

Developed systematic way of dividing up lands by 6*6 townships

59
Q

POB 1785

A

where the public land survey began

in OH, PA, WV

60
Q

The Geographers Line

A

Point where pennsylvania boundary intersects Ohio river. Began in 1785. Runs due west for 42 miles

61
Q

Base Line

A

Southern part of Ingham

62
Q

Michigan Meridian

A

POB was sept 29, 1815
Hillsdale and Lenniway county
Finished at Sault St Marie in 1840

63
Q

Survey Townships 6*6 miles

A

36 sections

64
Q

Towns (T)

A

North or South

65
Q

Ranges (R)

A

East or West

66
Q

Section= 1*1 mile

A

640 acres

67
Q

1 acre = ?

A

43,560 sq. ft

68
Q

school section = ?

A

16

69
Q

Gunter Chain = ?

A

66 feet

70
Q

bearings

A
  1. heading - N or S
  2. Angle - 0 to 90
  3. Direction - E or W
71
Q

rank order correlation (r)

A

measures the strength of relationship between variables
-1.0____________0.0____________+1.0

r = 1.0- ( 6 * d^2)/ (N^3-N)
d= difference
N= number of observers
72
Q

legal land descriptions

A

give precise location for a parcel of land
real estate transactions
avoid land ownership disputes
township is 6*6 miles with 36 sections

73
Q

NW Territory

A

MI, IL, IN, OH, MN, WI

Settle land claims with states and settle private claims

74
Q

Act of Feb 11, 1805

A

Made all corners fixed

Made all boundary lines fixed to a corner

75
Q

Correction line

A

every 60 miles there is a correction line

76
Q

1862 Homestead Act

A

if you live out on the frontier, you get 160 years

77
Q

15 min quadrangle vs. 7.5 min quadrangle

A

1:62,500 vs 1:24,000

less detail, more area vs more detail, less area

ISS 310 (4 decks)

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