Exam 4 Flashcards
Define Extinction-
Discontinuation of an Already Existing reinforcement for a given behavior, leading to a decrease in its frequency.
In order for the process to qualify as Extinction-
- The process must Break the Response-Reinforcer Contingency
- The behavior you’re putting on extinction must have been previously reinforced.
- Behavior no longer results in reinforcement & stops occurring in the future.
- The procedure must Actually Withhold the functioning Reinforcer.
If the bx is maintained by…
SR+?
SR-?
Automatic SR?
+SR: No longer deliver positive reinforcement
-SR: No longer terminate the ongoing event (-SR)
Auto: Modify source of stimulation so behavior no longer produces it.
Factors determining Speed of Extinction Process?
- Reinforcement history
- Response Effort
- Correlated Stimuli
- Alternate Sources of Reinforcement
Explain how Reinforcement History impacts the Speed of the Extinction Process-
The behavior will extinguish faster if:
- It has been Continuously reinforced
- It has been maintained by a Smaller Magnitude of Reinforcement
- It has been reinforced under Highly Specific Conditions
Explain how Response Effort impacts the Speed of the Extinction Process-
The behavior will extinguish faster if:
- It requires More Effort to complete (exercise)
Explain how Correlated Stimuli impacts the Speed of the Extinction Process-
The behavior will extinguish faster if:
- Discriminative stimuli are eliminated.
Explain how Alternate Sources of Reinforcement impacts the Speed of the Extinction Process-
The behavior will extinguish faster if:
- Another Response is available to receive Sr+
What are some Cautions in performing Extinction?
- Dangerous behaviors
- If you Give Up after an extinction burst, you may worsen the behavior
- There may be Multiple Reinforcers maintaining the bx.
- Spontaneous Recovery
Increases in other responses as a result of extinction?
Aggression
- Emotional Responding
- Previously Reinforced Behaviors (resurgence)
- Increased Variability
Strategies for Implementing Extinction?
- Plan to start under conditions in which a burst can be tolerated.
- Be Consistent
- Combine with Reinforcement and Prompting Strategies
Explain Shaping-
- A procedure in which one reinforces Successive Approximations toward a tx.
- Useful when you have to teach a Single behavior
- Involves the use of Differential Reinforcement
In Shaping, does the individual already have the behavior in their repertoire?
Nope. Not in the slightest.
Steps of Shaping-
- Define the Target Behavior.
- Identify the first bx to reinforce
- Identify bx to put on extinction
- Differentially Reinforce Approximations
Limitations of Shaping?
- Requires Skillful training: Attention to Detail, Experience judging approximations (Flexibility)
- Progress is not always Smooth or Predictable
- May unintentionally reinforce alternate or Harmful Behaviors
What Other Techniques can be paired with Shaping?
- Reinforcing
- Prompting/modeling
- Chaining
Explain a Behavior Chain-
A complex behavior consisting of many Component Behaviors that Occur in a Sequence.
- Used to Link Together components of a given behavior.
- One step creates a Signal for the Next Step.
- Completing the next step Reinforces the step that Precedes it.
Explain Task Analysis-
Way to Identify and Breakdown a complex behavior chain into its component parts. (kids explaining to dad how to make a pbj)
- List components of a behavior chain in sequence.
What are some questions to ask yourself when conducting Task Analysis?
- What Pre-Req skill does the child need in order to engage in this tx?
- What Materials are required?
- In what sequence should the task be completed?
Ways to identify steps in a TA?
- Perform it yourself
- Watch a Competent Model
- Ask and Expert
- Level of Detail is going to depend on the Skill Level of the Learner
Steps of Teaching TA?
- Identify component skills
- TA
- Identify effective SR
- Must be Naturally Occurring
- Identify way to Implement Chaining
Explain Forward Chaining-
Advantages/Disadvantages?
Start by teaching the First Link in Sequence and use Physical assistance for the rest of the steps.
Advantage: Steps are taught in order they are performed.
Disadvantage: Natural SR doesn’t immediately follow early parts of chain
Explain Backward Chaining-
Advantage/Disadvantage?
Start by teaching the Last behavior. (More difficult).
Come in contact with Highly Reinforcing Consequence.
Advantage: Child completes chain each time and accesses Terminal Reinforcer.
Disadvantage: Does not allow for learning in Sequence (backward chaining…)
Recommended when student’s Learning History is Unknown
Explain Total Task Chaining-
Advantage/Disadvantage?
Teach Every Step of the chain until Entire chain is taught
- Exposure to All Steps from beginning.
Advantage: Able to perform steps in sequence from Beginning.
Disadvantage: Requires continuous Assessment & Adjustment
What are some factors that play into a child’s lack of Quality Teaching?
Educational/Socioeconomic Factors
- Lack of Academic Resources at home
- Undereducated Parents
- Inadequate Living circumstances
Explain Developmentally Appropriate Practice-
Intentional and Systematic:
- What and When to teach
- Evaluating teaching
Designed to reach All Students:
- Identifying Individual Strengths and Preferences.
- Direct Instruction
- Embedding instruction Across Routines (promoting Generalization)
Explain Direct Instruction-
Advantages/Disadvantages?
Teacher Directed Instruction-
- Relatively Fast Paced
- Fading Prompts
- Building on what has been already been learned
What “We” Do:
- Explore Concept with Teachers Help
- Provide Prompts
- Fade Prompts
What You Do:
- Independent Practice
- Aiding Motivation
- Allow for choice: of Task, Reinforcer
Advantages:
- Ensures opportunities for teaching
- Freedom to Create teaching Conditions
Explain Embedded Teaching-
Advantages?
Implementing teaching strategies with Ongoing Activities and Routines. E.g.- Pointing to body parts while changing diaper; Counting napkins while setting table; Describing colors while painting (maximizing opportunities)
Advantages:
- Generalization
- Maintain child Interest and Participation
Embedded Teaching vs. Direct Instruction-
Embedded Teaching:
- More Developmentally Appropriate
