Exam 3 Flashcards
What is Escape versus Avoidance?
Escape = Removal or reduction of an ongoing event.
Avoidance = Postponement/Prevention of an event.
(Escape-already happening. Avoidance-going to happen, avoid it. Swerve)
Just because something is preferred…
Does not mean it is reinforcing!!
What is a Social Reinforcer?
Examples of Positive & Negative-
Something that is only attainable through the action of someone else.
Pos - Having someone bring you a burger.
Neg - Going to the dentist to remove a cavity.
What is an Automatic Reinforcer?
Examples of positive & negative-
Something that is reinforcing in and of itself.
Pos - Turning on the T.V.
Neg - Washing your hands.
What is the difference between a Primary & a Conditioned reinforcer?
Primary reinforcer is something that is naturally reinforcing, primitive.
- Water, food itself, sleep.
Conditioned reinforcer is something that is established as a reinforcer only by pairing with a Primary reinforcer.
- Money, smell of food, a bed.
What type of reinforcer?
Clavin’s mom told Cal to put the laundry away - Cal throws the laundry basket - Mom puts it away herself - Cal now throws the laundry basket when he is asked to put the clothes away.
Negative
Cal throwing basket was negatively reinforced by his mom doing it for him, taking away the aversive stimulus of laundry chore.
What type of reinforcer?
Jackie leaves circle time - Teacher reprimands Jackie - Jackie leaves circle time more frequently.
Positive.
Jackie leaving circle time was positively reinforced by the teacher rebuking her (socially reinforcing),
What is a Prompt?
What is the purpose?
Prompt is a Supplemental stimulus used to increase the probability of the desired response.
Meant to inform the individual what the correct response should be &/or how to perform it. Acts as an antecedent to the target behavior.
What are the different Types of Prompting?
- Full Physical “It’s all in the hips.”
- Partial Physical
- Model
- Gesture
- Verbal
- Visual Wash hands diagram
- Cue Soap being next to sink
Guidelines for using Prompts?
- Use Least intrusive first.
- Prompts can come before or During the response.
- Follow through with prompts.
What is Graduated Guidance?
Type of Prompting-
Progressively fade out Physical prompts on successive trials.
What is Errorless teaching?
Similar idea to graduated guidance/most-to-least prompting. As successful trials occur, gradually decrease prompting, transferring stimulus control.
Describe Time Delay prompting-
Initially, provide prompt immediately. Type of errorless teaching in that you progressively increase time between prompt & instruction to increase independent responding.
What are the reasons to conduct a preference assessment?
Helpful for teachers because-
- Can be used to Motivate students to engage in activities.
- Can use as a Reinforcer for performing academic tasks
What are the two types of Preference Assessment?
Subcategories?
Indirect & Direct Assessment-
Indirect:
- Interviews
- Surveys
- With parent &/or child
Direct:
- Free Operant PA
- Observe child, record items/activities & duration.
- Single Stimulus Presentation
- Multiple Stimulus Presentation
- Paired Stimulus
Primary or Condition Reinforcer?
- Praise
Conditioned
Primary or Condition Reinforcer?
- Money
Conditioned
Primary or Condition Reinforcer?
- Food
Primary
Primary or Condition Reinforcer?
- Heat
Primary
Primary or Condition Reinforcer?
- Oxygen
Primary
Primary or Condition Reinforcer?
- Grades
Conditioned
Amy sees Julie jump up and down on the school playground. When Amy gets home hours later, mom asks, “what did you learn today?” Amy jumps up and down. Is this imitation? Why or why not?
No- imitation is a form of behavior contingent on another’s similar behavior prompting the reaction.
The mom’s question is simply a cue.
What is the difference between a model and imitative behavior?
A model behavior is a type of prompt; an antecedent that acts as a cue to elicit a particular behavior
An imitative behavior is a response behavior to a cue.
What are two different prompt types?
- Full Physical
- Partial Physical
- Model
- Gestural
- Verbal
- Visual
- Cue
What are the two conditions required to ensure that a stimulus is a reinforcer?
- Test: reinforcement contingency is present
- Control: reinforcement contingency is absent
What are two types of reinforcers?
Positive & Negative
What is it called when a stimulus has reinforcing properties without a history of being paired with other reinforcers?
The stimulus is a Primary Reinforcer
What are two types of direct preference assessments?
- Free Operant PA
- Single Stimulus
- Paired Stimulus
- Multiple Stimulus (W/O replacement)
Discuss the concerns associated with indirect methods of preference assessment.
- Participants could lie.
- Validity is questionable.
- Requires large sample size.
