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BCS 151- Perception and Action > Exam #4 > Flashcards

Exam #4 Flashcards

1
Q

What percent of your body weight does skin account for?

A

16%

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2
Q

Discrimination touch

A
  • Perception of pressure, vibration, and texture

- Mediated by 4 different categories of mechanoreceptors in the skin

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3
Q

Pain and temperature

A

Free nerve endings

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4
Q

Proprioception

A

Registration of tension and stress in muscles and joints

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5
Q

Rapidly adapting (RA)

A

Respond to changes in stimulation, but do not continue to respond to constant stimulation

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6
Q

Slowly adapting (SA)

A

Respond to constant stimulation

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7
Q

Punctate

A

Small receptive fields with distinct boundaries

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8
Q

Diffuse

A

Large receptive fields with non-distinct boundaries

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9
Q

4 receptor types enervated by nerve fibers

A
  1. Merkel disks
  2. Meissner corpuscles
  3. Ruffini ending
  4. Pacinian corpuscles
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10
Q

Merkel disks

A

Constant source of stimulation over a small area (shallow)

ex: carrying a pebble

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11
Q

Meissner corpuscles

A

Respond best to active touch, involved in detailed object exploration (shallow)

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12
Q

Ruffini ending

A

Constant stimulation over a larger area, also detects skin stretch (deep)

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13
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A

Extremely sensitive over a large receptive field (deepest)

ex: blow gently on the palm of your hand

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14
Q

How do receptors work? (2 steps)

A
  1. Mechanical stimulus (ex: pressure) deforms receptors’ membrane
  2. This starts a cascade of events that ultimately results in an AP
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15
Q

3 primary types of proprioceptors

A
  1. Muscle spindles
  2. Golgi tendon organs
  3. Joint receptors
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16
Q

Muscle spindles

A

Mechanoreceptors that detect changes in muscle fiber length (stretch) and velocity (speed of stretch), maintains intended limb movement position, direction, and velocity

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17
Q

Golgi-tendon organs

A

In skeletal muscle near insertion of tendon, detects changes in muscle tension (ex: force), not good at detecting muscle length changes

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18
Q

Joint receptors

A

Detect change in force and rotation applied to joint, joint movement angle

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19
Q

Peripheral sensory apparatus (in vestibular system)

A
  • Semicircular canals and otolithic organ
  • Detects and relays info about head orientation and head angular and linear acceleration to brain
  • Orients head with respect to gravity
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20
Q

Central processing system

A

Processes info in conjunction with other sensory inputs for position and movement of head in space

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21
Q

Motor output system

A
  • Generates compensatory eye movements and compensatory body movements during head and postural adjustments
  • Sense of orientation
  • Detection of linear and angular acceleration
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22
Q

Semicircular canals

A

Detects rotational movements by using hair cells to sense fluid displacements

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23
Q

Otolithic organ

A

Detects linear acceleration and head orientation, otoconia crystals (little rocks) stimulate hair cells in canals

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24
Q

Gate control theory of pain

A

Pain is actively suppressed in emergency situations by messages sent from brain to Dorsal Horn, pain continues when emergency is over

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25
Q

Referred pain

A

Pain that feels as if it is coming from some part of the body other than the part being stimulated

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26
Q

Haptics

A

Active touch, interaction of proprioceptive and mechanoreceptive info (ex: allows up to determine Braille)

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27
Q

Mastication

A

Chewing, aids in digestion, promotes release of taste stimulants

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28
Q

5 basic taste sensations

A
  1. Sweet- sugars, some AAs
  2. Salty- metal ions (inorganic salts)
  3. Sour- hydrogen ions (acids)
  4. Bitter- alkaloids
  5. Umami- AA glutamate (MSG)
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29
Q

Labeled-line hypothesis (specificity)

A

Single taste cells respond selectively

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30
Q

Ageusia

A

Complete loss of sense of taste

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31
Q

Selective aguesia

A

Loss of specific taste sense

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32
Q

Hypogeusia

A

Diminished taste sensitivity

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33
Q

Hypergeusia

A

Enhanced taste sensitivity

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34
Q

Dysgeusia

A

Distortion in taste perception

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35
Q

What is the cross fiber hypothesis analogous to?

A
  • It is a population code for taste

- Analogous to trichromatic theory

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36
Q

Anosmia

A

Inability to smell odors

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37
Q

Presbyosmia

A

Normal loss of odor sensitivity with age

38
Q

Brain mechanisms of olfaction (4)

A
  1. Bio-mechanical properties of nose
  2. Olfactory epithelium
  3. Olfactory bulb
  4. Olfactory cortex
39
Q

Bio-mechanical properties of the nose

A
  • Warms and humidifies air
  • Cleans debris (nose hairs)
  • Controlled by nasal cycle
40
Q

Olfactory epithelium

A

Contains receptor neurons that detect odors, picks up odors, binds, and sends to brain

41
Q

Olfactory coding

A

Odors are coded using a population code

  • 10 million olfactory receptor neurons
  • 1,000 distinct receptor proteins
42
Q

Olfactory bulb

A

Collects and encodes odor signals from neurons, send processed odor signal to cortex

43
Q

Olfactory cortex

A

Complex processing of odors, interactions with other sense and brain systems

44
Q

What part of brain does smelling activate?

A

Center of brain-subcortical levels

45
Q

Pheromones

A

Chemical signal released to outside of body of producer that effects physiology or behavior of a receiving individual of the “same” species

46
Q

Lee-Boot Effect

A

When female mice are housed together their estrous cycles stop

47
Q

Whitten Effect

A

When above females are exposed to males, their estrous cycles re-start in synchrony

48
Q

Vandenbergh Effect

A

The acceleration of puberty onset in a female rodent cause by exposure to a male

49
Q

Bruce Effect

A

When a recently impregnated mouse encounters a male other than the one with which she mated, the pregnancy will terminate

50
Q

VNO organ

A

Contains receptor sites to detect pheromones, its effects on behavior may bypass conscious processing

51
Q

Mentalists’ approach

A

Nothing really exists outside the mind

52
Q

Materialists’ approach

A

There is only matter, conscious states are physical brain states, unity of conscious experience and the brain, consciousness consists entirely of computational processes

53
Q

Epiphenomentalism

A

Consciousness is an illusion

54
Q

Panpsychism

A

Everything is conscious

55
Q

Dualism

A

Conscious experience distinct from brain activity, our experience cannot be reduced to brain activity

56
Q

Mysterian

A

Consciousness is a complete mystery

57
Q

Definition of consciousness

A

States of awareness of the outside world and of one’s own mental processes, thoughts, feelings, and perceptions

58
Q

Functions of consciousness (2)

A
  1. Monitoring mental events (introspection)

2. Control: allows us to formulate and reach goals

59
Q

External sensory perception

A

Awareness of sights, sounds, tastes, and touch in the environment

60
Q

Internal sensory perception

A
  • Ability to internally experience sensory info from a remembered event
  • Create sensory representations of events we’ve never experienced
  • Mental imagery
61
Q

Abstract awareness

A
  • Abstract ideas (freedom)
  • Emotions
  • Symbols we use to represent big ideas
62
Q

Awareness of self

A

-Aware of yourself as an individual, of thoughts & feelings, observe your experiences from the “outside”

63
Q

Hard problem of C: phenomenal consciousness

A
  • Where do feelings come from

- We can talk about the function of pain and the brain states involved, but why does it hurt?

64
Q

Hard problem of C: functionalist problem

A

We do not know what its exact function is

65
Q

Hard problem of C: materialist problem

A

We do not know what it is made of

66
Q

Hard problem of C: experimental problem

A

We cannot measure it directly

67
Q

Easy problem of C

A

What are the neural correlates of consciousness?

-Are there specific neurons, brain areas, and/or neural processes that correlate with conscious awareness

68
Q

Psychophysics

A

How to relate mind and matter

69
Q

*First definition of psychology

A

Investigation of conscious processes in the modes of connection peculiar to them (Wundt 1874)

70
Q

Structuralism tasks of psychology (3)

A
  1. Analyze mind to its basic elements and describe consciousness
  2. Discover laws that govern the combo of elements to larger wholes in the mind
  3. Discover the physiological brain events that correspond to psychological elements
71
Q

How did psychology change in the 20th century?

A

Psychologists avoided consciousness, it became a taboo

72
Q

Visual neglect

A

Failure to acknowledge objects in the field contralateral to lesion

73
Q

Balint Syndrome

A

Field of attention which is limited to one object at a time (simultanagnosia)

74
Q

Blindsight

A

Ability of certain patients to perform above chance on visual tasks but report that they cannot see (ex: patient DB)

75
Q

Key assumption for neural correlates of consciousness (NCC)

A

Many different brain areas are involved in the NCC

76
Q

Key problem of NCC

A

The distinction between what is necessary and what is sufficient for consciousness

77
Q

Ways to measure NCC (2)

A
  • EEG: measure potential differences

- TMS: use a brief change in magnetic field to disrupt neural activity, can create & disturb perception

78
Q

Which neurons follow physical stimulation and which neurons follow perceptual awareness?

A
  • High level areas care more about perception

- Lower level areas care more about physical stimulation

79
Q

Subliminal perception

A

Notion that brief exposure to sub-threshold stimuli can influence awareness

80
Q

What is not in NCC?

A

Most of the brain processes. We are not aware of most things that our brain does (zombie agents)

81
Q

Functional significance of unconscious mechanisms (3)

A
  1. Efficient and rapid
  2. Can operate simultaneously
  3. Operate in the absence of consciousness
82
Q

Function of consciousness

A
  • Awareness is important during learning (eg: self reflection)
  • Less important when the task is well-learned
83
Q

What can spiritual experiences (SEs) occur in conjunction with?

A

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE)

84
Q

Stimulation of what part of brain resulted in out-of-body experience?

A

Temoroparietal junction (TPJ)

85
Q

Passive senses in additional senses (3)

A
  1. Biological compass
  2. Pheromones
  3. Electroperception
86
Q

Active senses in additional senses (2)

A
  1. Electric fish

2. Biological sonar

87
Q

Map navigation

A

Know where in the world you are

88
Q

Compass navigation

A

Only know North or South directions

89
Q

Passive electroreception

A

Detecting fields from external sources

90
Q

Active electroreception

A

Detecting perturbations to fish’s own field

91
Q

Ampullae of Lorenzini

A

Special sensing organs called electroreceptors that form jelly-filled pores, can be used to sense Earth’s magnetic field while shark is in motion

92
Q

Doppler shift

A
  • Low frequency echo for receding object

- High frequency echo for approaching object

BCS 151- Perception and Action (4 decks)

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