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BCS 151- Perception and Action > Exam #2 > Flashcards

Exam #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Binding problem

A

Take local info (pieces) to create big picture, there is separation in features (ex: color, shape) of an object and brain must represent which features belong to same object

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2
Q

Solutions to binding problem

A

Vision exploits regularities in the environment and knowledge from experience, Gestalt= organized whole, complete pattern

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3
Q

What did Kohler believe about the binding problem?

A

What we actually perceive are entities such as things, figures (unified vs segregated)

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4
Q

What did Gestalt believe about the binding problem?

A

Organized whole, complete pattern

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5
Q

Similarity

A

Group based on similar lightness, color, orientation, texture, etc.

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6
Q

Proximity

A

Group shape in certain areas and spacing to create object/pattern

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7
Q

Common region

A

Group objects in certain areas

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8
Q

Connection

A

Connect certain objects together

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9
Q

Symmetry

A

Create symmetry among objects

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10
Q

Continuation

A

Ex: line going through a box seems to continue because our brain makes it that way

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11
Q

Closure

A

2 shapes overlapping each other that are closed seem to form one shape (like a butterfly)

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12
Q

Simplicity

A

Brain chooses the most simple explanation for missing info

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13
Q

Common fate

A

Things that move together group together

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14
Q

Figure-ground segregation

A

Determining what part of environment is the figure so that it “stands out” from background

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15
Q

Properties of figure and background (4)

A
  1. Figure is more “thinglike” and more memorable than ground
  2. Figure is seen in front of ground
  3. Ground is more uniform and extends behind figure
  4. Contour separating figure from ground belongs to figure
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16
Q

Factors that determine which area is figure (6)

A
  1. Elements located in lower part of displays
  2. Symmetrical
  3. Convex
  4. Small
  5. Oriented vertically
  6. Have meaning
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17
Q

Contextual modulation

A

Stimuli outside of a neuron’s receptive field can affect neural firing

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18
Q

Absolute distance

A

How far object is from you in the environment

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19
Q

Relative distance

A

How far an object is to other objects in visual field

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20
Q

3D surface layout

A

Recovering orientation at a distance

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21
Q

Object shape

A

Slant, tilt, and curvature

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22
Q

Inverse Problem

A

Problem of retrieving all visual info about 3D environment using limited into contained in 2D image, same retinal image can correspond to an infinite number of real world objects

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23
Q

Anamorphosis

A

Distorted projection or perspective (ex: chalk art)

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24
Q

Ames room

A

Trapezoidal shape of room causes accidental parallel alignment of back wall when viewed through small hole

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25
Q

Large vergence angle=

A

More convergence, useful only for close distances

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26
Q

Accommodation

A

Derived by image blur so that the output of high spatial frequency channels is maximized

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27
Q

Occulsion

A

Condition when a nearer object visually occludes at least a portion of a more distant object(s), closer object seems more near

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28
Q

Size

A

Retinal image of an object on its size and distance. If you know the size, you can estimate distance (some exceptions)

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29
Q

Geometric perspective

A

AKA linear perspective: convergence of lines that results in perceived depth in a 2D scene (ex: railroad tracks)

30
Q

Texture perspective

A

Density of the surface/object texture increases with distance, providing a depth cue (ex: visual cliff)

31
Q

Aerial perspective

A

Objects in distance appear less clear, more blurred and low contrast because of atmosphere and pollution

32
Q

Shading

A

Gradient in the reflected light on a 3D object that gives cues about object’s 3D shape, “direction” of depth depends on direction of luminance gradient

33
Q

Motion parallax

A

Difference in relative motion of objects located at different distances from the observer (ex: seeing objects while in car)

34
Q

Projective geometry

A

Investigates the mathematical relationship between objects in the environment and their optical projections on the retina or on a picture

35
Q

Stereopsis

A

3D vision resulting from slight differences in left and right eye images (different perspectives)

36
Q

How do 3D glasses work?

A

Red and blue lenses filter the two projected images, allowing only one image to enter each eye

37
Q

Polarized glasses

A

Only passes light whose oscillations are oriented in a particular direction

38
Q

Horopter

A

Line connecting points that produce corresponding retinal points in the two eyes, objects are at same distance as eye fixation point

39
Q

Same retinal coordinator caused by….

A

Points at the same position on each eye that correspond to one another

40
Q

How are objects projected that are not on the horopter?

A

Projected to non-corresponding points on two retinas

41
Q

Crossed disparity

A

In front of horopter

42
Q

Uncrossed disparity

A

Behind the horopter

43
Q

Zero disparity

A

Right eye’s image and left eye’s image are at the same location. Point is located on the horopter (i.e. fixation plane)

44
Q

Disparity

A

Slight differences in positions of “features” in left and right eye views

45
Q

Retinal disparity

A
  • Gives info about depth

- Is relative

46
Q

Chromostereopsis

A

Blue and red light focused at different positions on retina, creates a disparity between each eye’s view that is perceptually interpreted as a difference in depth

47
Q

Binocular rivalry

A

If images in 2 eyes are radically difference, a combined stereo cannot be found

48
Q

How to enhance stereo vision?

A

Widen eyes

49
Q

Basic color

A

One that cannot further be decomposed upon passing through a prism, can be recombined to create new colors

50
Q

Metamers

A

A color that appears to the eye to be identical to another color, but it has different spectral composition

51
Q

Additive color mixture

A

Varying proportion of energy from red, green, and blue to create most colors of spectrum (ex: done on TV screens)

52
Q

Subtractive color mixture

A

Ex: red pain absorbs and subtracts all wavelengths but the very longest one, remaining wave lengths are reflected from surface to your eyes

53
Q

Additive vs substractive

A
  • Additive is for mixing lights

- Subtractive is for mixing pigments (paints and materials)

54
Q

Univariance principle

A
  • Response of a single cone type cannot tell you about the color of the stimulus
  • Rod signals do not code info about wavelength of light, only about the intensity of light
55
Q

Opponent Process Theory of Color

A

Ex: afterimage- if we view colored stimuli for an extended period of time, we will see an afterimage in a complementary color

56
Q

Processing for color vision takes place in 2 stages:

A
  1. Trichromatic theory

2. Opponent-process theory

57
Q

Trichromatic theory

A
  • Receptors respond with different patterns to different wavelengths
  • Describes what is happening at the very beginning of visual system, in receptors of retina
  • Takes minimum of 3 wavelengths to match any wavelength in spectrum
58
Q

Opponent-process theory

A
  • Neurons integrate inhibitory and excitatory signals from receptors
  • Describes events later in visual system
59
Q

Synesthesia

A

Neurological condition that causes the brain to process data in the form of several senses at once

60
Q

Optic flow

A

Pattern of apparent motion of objects, surfaces, edges in a visual scene caused by the relative motion between an observer and a scene

61
Q

What is motion? (Democritus)

A

Nothing more than presence of objects in certain “locations” at certain “times”

62
Q

Apparent motion

A

Appearance that objects in the night sky move against the typical direction of motion

63
Q

What is aliasing in motion?

A

Illusion, appearance of something that is NOT sue to shortcomings of sampling
Ex: start moving counterclockwise

64
Q

What is sampling in motion?

A

Discrete observation or measurement

65
Q

What does the space/time plot show?

A

Apparent motion

66
Q

Corollary discharge

A

Brain sends copy of motor command to visual system to produce a movement (like a cc in an email)

67
Q

Where is motion detected?

A

V1

68
Q

Where is the “motion area” where detected motions are “interpreted”?

A

MT

69
Q

Where does complex motion processing happen?

A

MST

70
Q

Where is MT area of brain?

A

Back of the brain, occipital cortex, critical for normal motion perception

71
Q

Akinetopsia

A

Inability to perceive motion

72
Q

MAE definition

A

Illusory impression, after prolonged viewing of movement in one direction, that a stationary object is moving in the opposite direction

BCS 151- Perception and Action (4 decks)

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