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BCS 151- Perception and Action > Exam #1 > Flashcards

Exam #1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is perception?

A

Fundamental freedom (and limitation), biological process that provides us with useful info about objects and events in our world that can be used to guide our cognitions and actions

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2
Q

Perception is self-referenced

A

Object and events are perceived relative to perceiver’s perspective

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3
Q

Perception is active

A

Perception guides action and action informs perception (to see, we look)

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4
Q

Perception is constructive

A

Vision tries to find “meaning” in everything we see, fills in the gaps (ex: finds faces)

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5
Q

Perception is relative

A

Depends on context (ex: same size middle circle surrounded by different sized outer circles)

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6
Q

Perception is invariant in the face of changing stimulation

A

“Perceptual constancy”: perception remains constant even when the associated sensory data varies

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7
Q

Perception changes in the face of unchanging stimulation

A

Ex: can see two different images in one image-optical illusions

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8
Q

Perception enhances the novel and ignores the unchanging

A

Certain things stand out while things that don’t change are ignored (habituation)

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9
Q

Perception is guided by expectations and by context

A

We always try to expect things (ex: moon and its changing size, camel photo with shadows)

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10
Q

Perception can be educated

A

Shown ambiguous photos, only see it when you have knowledge of what it is

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11
Q

Perception is an intelligent, adaptive process

A

Takes limited sensory data, and using built-in assumptions, deduces what in the world gave rise to that sensory data

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12
Q

Perception involves competing demands

A
  • Sensory vs resolution
  • Discrimination vs generalization
  • Grouping vs segmentation
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13
Q

Sensitivity

A

Being able to detect “faint” signals, smallest amount of difference

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14
Q

Resolution

A

Being able to distinguish among multiple signals (eg: their location), smallest unit of measurement that can indicated by an instrument

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15
Q

Grouping

A

Combining elements based on their common features

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16
Q

Segmentation

A

Picking out a given element from a background of similar events (ex: can see the letter B behind a dark background)

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17
Q

Generalization

A

Categorize based on common feature (ex: calls all adult men “dad”)

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18
Q

Discrimination

A

Distinguish among similar objects, organism responds differently to 2 stimuli (ex: call only your father “dad”)

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19
Q

Is perception more useful or accurate?

A

USEFUL

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20
Q

What determines which parts of the world are sampled by perception?

A

Portions of the environment are perceptually important to different organisms (ex: bees can see UV light) based on habits, habitats, time most active

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21
Q

Psychophysics

A

Quantitative branch of study of perception, examines relations between observed stimuli and responses and reasons for those relations (ex: can see dimmer spot of light in darker env)

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22
Q

Phenomenology

A

What do things look, sound, smell, like? Study of consciousness and objects of direct experience (ex: moon looks larger when on horizon)

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23
Q

What is interpretation of psychophysical data strongly influenced by?

A

Known anatomy and physiology of sensory systems

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24
Q

What do psychometric functions look like?

A

Sigmoids, almost always 1 experiment

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25
Q

Absolute threshold

A

Lower limit of perception, weakest stimulus that can just barely be detected

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26
Q

Difference threshold (JND)

A

Smallest reliably discriminable difference between 2 stimuli (AKA just noticeable difference) (ex: forgot glasses)

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27
Q

Point of subjective equality (PSE)

A

Magnitude of one stimulus at which it is perceived as equivalent in magnitude to another

28
Q

Weber Fraction

A

JND divided by magnitude of the standard

29
Q

Weber’s Law

A

Increases in intensity that are just noticeably different to an observer are constant fraction of stimulus intensity

30
Q

Method of adjustment

A

Person (subject) adjusts stimulus to value where it is barely detectable (absolute threshold) or adjusts one stimulus until it matches another (PSE) or differs from another (JND)

31
Q

Method of limits

A

Experimenter changes stimulus by small amounts to find point where person’s judgment of stimulus first changes

32
Q

Method of constant stimuli

A

Present stimuli at various “levels”; person responds (Y or N) following each presentation, generating a psychometric function

33
Q

Staircase method

A

Adaptive search for threshold, designed to converge to certain threshold value

  • Correct responds=harder
  • Incorrect response=easier
34
Q

What is hysteresis?

A

“Path dependence”, problem in method of limits, threshold value will differ dependent upon whether experimenter starts with dim or bright light

35
Q

2 types of staircase methods

A
  1. Fixed step size

2. Adaptive step size (asking where someone is from analogy)

36
Q

Signal Detection Theory (SDT)

A

Measure ability to differentiate between stimulus and noise, measure sensitivity independently of criterion

37
Q

Perceptual decisions are influenced by many factors (6)

A
  1. Strength of signal relative to background level of noise
  2. Person’s sensitivity to signal
  3. Relative frequency of occurrence of signal
  4. Person’s level of motivation
  5. Costs associated with hits and false alarms
  6. Personal biases (individual differences)
38
Q

Hit

A

Signal was present, person says yes

39
Q

Miss

A

Signal was present, person says no

40
Q

Correct rejection

A

Signal not present, person says no

41
Q

False alarm

A

Signal not present, person says yes

42
Q

Discriminability

A

How well the observer can separate the presence of signal from its absence (overlap between 2 distributions)

43
Q

Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC)

A

Plots hits against false alarms as criterion moves

44
Q

Sensitivity (d’) depends on (3)

A
  1. Signal strength
  2. Noise strength
  3. Observer sensitivity
45
Q

How to make visible, “invisible” (6)

A
  1. Degrading visual stimulation
  2. Crowding
  3. Masking
  4. Motion induced blindness
  5. Binocular rivalry
  6. Bistable figures
46
Q

Criterion depends on (3)

A
  1. Personal bias
  2. Cost/benefit factors
  3. Signal frequency
47
Q

Factors involved in what we see (3)

A
  1. Light sources
  2. Surface reflectance
  3. Eye sensitivity
48
Q

4 ways eyes are constantly in motion

A
  1. Saccades
  2. Pursuit/tracking movements
  3. Vergence movements
  4. Microsaccades
49
Q

What is the curvature of the flexible lens changed by?

A

Ciliary muscles

50
Q

Accommodation

A

Ability to increase the curvature of the lens

51
Q

Presbyopia

A

Flexibility of lens is reduced, harder to bring near objects to focus

52
Q

Axial myopia

A

Nearsightedness caused by lens being too far from retina

53
Q

Refractive myopia

A

Lens-cornea system is too powerful for normal length of the eye

54
Q

Transduction

A

Light changes molecular properties of photopigments, which changes electrical states of these cells

55
Q

How many rods vs cones?

A

Rods: 120 million
Cones: 5 million

56
Q

Border enhancement

A

Borders are the main cue for objects

57
Q

Strict definition of receptive field

A

Area of the retina over which a ganglion

cell is sensitive to light stimulation. i.e., an area of the retina that the cell monitors.

58
Q

Practical definition of receptive field

A

Area of the world over which a

ganglion cell is sensitive to light stimulation. i.e., an area of the world that the cell monitors.

59
Q

Simple cells

A

Respond to bars of light in a particular orientation and a particular location within the receptive field

60
Q

Complex cells

A

Respond to bars of light in a particular orientation moving in a specific direction

61
Q

Hypercomplex cells

A

Respond to bars of light in a particular orientation, moving in a specific direction, and of a specific line length

62
Q

What 3 quantities characterize gratings?

A
  1. Spatial frequency
  2. Orientation
  3. Contrast
63
Q

Orientation tuning curve

A

In simple cortical neuron, relation between orientation of a bar or grating stimulus and firing rate of the cell

64
Q

Spatial frequency tuning curve

A

Relation between frequency of grating stimulus and firing rate of cell

65
Q

Hypercolumn

A

Complete feature detector for very small part of visual field. Contains color cells, orientation cells, disparity cells, motion cells

66
Q

Contrast sensitivity function (CSF)

A

Plot of the threshold contrast to detect the grating as a function of spatial frequency

BCS 151- Perception and Action (4 decks)

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