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Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

A chemically diverse group of molecules characterized by their solubility in organic solvents

A

Lipids

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2
Q

Have little or no solubility in water

A

Lipids

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3
Q

Biological functions of lipids

A
  1. Principle form of energy storage
  2. Account for approximately 50% of the mass of biological membranes
  3. Enzyme cofactors, electron carriers, light-absorbing pigments hydrophobic anchors, emulsifying agents, hormones, intracellular messengers…
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4
Q

Biological membranes composition

A

50% Lipids 50% Proteins

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5
Q

2 categories of lipids

A
  1. Neutral Lipids

2. Polar Lipids

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6
Q

Neutral Lipids

A

Fatty Acids, Triacylglycerols, Diglyceride, Monoglyceride, Wax, Eicosanoids, Polyprenyl Lipids

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7
Q

Carboxylic acids having hydrocarbon chains of 4-36 carbons

A

Fatty Acid

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8
Q

General structure of Fatty acids

A

COOH(CH2)nCH3

n=4-36

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9
Q

Short hand system for fatty acids

A

Specifies carbon number and the number and location of the double bonds

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10
Q

12:0

A

CH3(CH2)10COOH = Lauric Acid

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11
Q

Lauric Acid

A

12:0

CH3(CH2)10COOH

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12
Q

14:0

A

CH3(CH2)12COOH = Myristic Acid

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13
Q

Myristic Acid

A

14:0

CH3(CH2)12COOH

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14
Q

16:0

A

CH3(CH2)14COOH = Palmitic Acid

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15
Q

Palmitic Acid

A

16:0

CH3(CH2)14COOH

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16
Q

18:0

A

CH3(CH2)16COOH = Stearic Acid

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17
Q

Stearic Acid

A

18:0

CH3(CH2)16COOH

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18
Q

20:0

A

CH3(CH2)18COOH = Arachidic Acid

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19
Q

Arachidic Acid

A

20:0

CH3(CH2)18COOH

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20
Q

24:0

A

CH3(CH2)22COOH = Lignoceric Acid

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21
Q

16:1 (Delta 9)

A

CH3(CH2)5CH=CH(CH2)7COOH

Palmitoleic Acid

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22
Q

CH3(CH2)10COOH

A

Lauric Acid

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23
Q

CH3(CH2)12COOH

A

Myrisitic Acid

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24
Q

CH3(CH2)14COOH

A

Palmitic Acid

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25
Q

CH3(CH2)16COOH

A

Stearic Acid

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26
Q

CH3(CH2)18COOH

A

Arachidic Acid

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27
Q

CH3(CH2)22COOH

A

Lignoceric Acid

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28
Q

Palmitoleic Acid

A

16:1 (Delta 9)

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29
Q

CH3(CH2)5CH=CH(CH2)7COOH

A

Palmitoleic Acid

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30
Q

18:1 (Delta 9)

A

CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOH

Oleic Acid

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31
Q

Oleic Acid

A

18:1 (Delta 9)

CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOH

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32
Q

CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOH

A

Oleic Acid

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33
Q

18:2 (Delta 9, 12)

A

CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7COOH

Linoleic Acid

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34
Q

Linoleic Acid

A

18:2 (Delta 9, 12)

CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7COOH

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35
Q

CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7COOH

A

Linoleic Acid

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36
Q

18:3 (Delta 9, 12, 15)

A

CH3CH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7COOH

Alpha Linolenic Acid

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37
Q

Alpha Linolenic Acid

A

18:3 (Delta 9, 12 , 15)

CH3CH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7COOH

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38
Q

CH3CH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7COOH

A

Alpha Linolenic Acid

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39
Q

20:4 (Delta 5, 8, 11, 14)

A

CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)3COOH

Arachidonic Acid

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40
Q

Arachidonic Acid

A

20:4 (Delta 5, 8, 11, 14)

CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)3COOH

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41
Q

CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)3COOH

A

Arachidonic Acid

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42
Q

One Double bond Carbon Skeleton

A

Palmitoleic Acid

Oleic Acid

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43
Q

Two Double Bond Carbon Skeleton

A

Linoleic Acid

44
Q

Three Double Bond Carbon Skeleton

A

Alpha Linolenic Acid

45
Q

Four Double Bond Carbon Skeleton

A

Arachidonic Acid

46
Q

No Double Bond Carbon Skeleton

A

Lauric, Myristic, Palmitic, Stearic, Arachidic, Lignoceric (ACIDS)

47
Q

Double bonds are usually

48
Q

Fatty acids usually have ______ number of carbons

49
Q

Fatty Acids are categorized as

A

Neutral lipids

50
Q

At physiological pH, fatty acids exist in the

A

Anionic form with an ionized caroxylate (COO-)

51
Q

Fatty acids have an average pKa of

52
Q

The physical state of lipids is largely due to

A

how the fatty acids are packed

53
Q

Kinks in the chain from double bonds cause packing to be

54
Q

Lower unsaturated =

A

Tighter packaging = solid

55
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids are subject to

A

Oxidative cleavage of double bonds

56
Q

The bad taste and smell of fatty foods is due to

A

short chain aldehydes and shorter chain carboxylic acids

57
Q

Fatty acid chain length and degrees of unsaturation have an influence on

A

Melting point

58
Q

Fatty acids with most carbon with no double bonds have

A

Have the highest Melting point

12: 0 = 44.2
18: 0 = 69,6
18: 1 = 13.4

59
Q

Triacylglycerols are

A

Neutral lipids

60
Q

Composed of 3 fatty acids in ester linkage with glycerol

A

Triacylglycerol

61
Q

Acyl =

A

fatty acid

62
Q

Acylation =

A

addition of fatty acid

63
Q

Diglyceride

A

2 fatty acids
1 alcohol
signals reactions in cells

64
Q

Monoglyceride

A

1 fatty acid

2 alcohols

65
Q

Triglycerides

A

3 fatty acids

no alcohol left from glycerol

66
Q

most natural fats contain large amounts of

A

Triacylglycerols

67
Q

Different, but characteristic, fatty acids compositions of triacylglycerols depend on

A

the origin of the fat

68
Q

Long chain of fatty acids esterified to a long chain fatty alcohol

69
Q

COMPLETELY insoluble in water

70
Q

Wax is categorized as

A

Neutral lipid

71
Q

Formed from the oxidation and cyclization of the fatty acids arachidonic acid (20:4)

A

Eicosanoids

72
Q

Eicosanoids are categorized as

A

Neutral lipids

73
Q

Prostaglandins (PGs), Thromboxanes, and Leukotrienes are examples of

A

Eicosanoids

74
Q

All are potent physiological regulators

A

Eicosanoids

75
Q

Regulate blood pressure, induce labor, induce blood clotting

A

PGE2C and related PGs

Eicosanoids

76
Q

All are synthesized from the 5 carbon precursor molecule isoprene

A

Polyprenyl lipids

77
Q

Polyprenyl lipids are categorized as

A

Neutral lipids

78
Q

Include sterols (steroids), lipid vitamins, and terpenes

A

Polyprenyl lipids

79
Q

Limonene, Bactoprenol, Testosterone, Sodium cholate

A

Polyprenyl lipids

80
Q

Have a characteristic cyclic nucleus consisting of 4 fused rings (3 6carbon rings, 1 5carbon ring)

81
Q

Have an attached fatty acids and are even more hydrophobic than cholesterol itself

A

Cholesterol Esters

82
Q

Found in blood lipoproteins and function in cholesterol transport and storage

A

Cholesterol Esters

83
Q

Rentinol (A), Calciol (D), E, K

A

Lipid vitamins (polyprenyl)

84
Q

These are amphipathic lipids and are generally found in membranes

A

Polar lipids

85
Q

Polar lipids are

A

amphipathic

86
Q

Polar lipids are generally found in

87
Q

A large group of lipids are referred to as

A

glycerophospholipids

88
Q

Glycerolphospholipids are also known as

A

Phosphoglycerides
Phosphatides
Phospholipids

89
Q

Phospholipids are built on a backbone structure of

A

glycerol-3-phsophate

90
Q

Only membrane containing Di-P-G

A

Mitochondria

91
Q

Phsopholipids are cleaved (degraded) by highly specific enzymes known as

A

phospholipases

92
Q

4 most common phospholipases

A
  1. Phospholipase A1
  2. Phospholipase A2
  3. Phospholipase C
  4. Phospholipase D
93
Q

The action of _______ results in the formation of a lysophospholipid

94
Q

PLA

A

Results in the formation of a lysophospholipid

95
Q

Phospholipases play a _______ important rol in certain types of transmembrane signaling

96
Q

Many types of venom contain _______ amounts of Phospholipase .

A

Large

Cobra venom, rattlesnake venom, bee venoms

97
Q

Another large group of lipids is the group known as

A

Sphingolipids

98
Q

Amphipathic molecules generally found in membranes

A

Sphingolipids

99
Q

Structurally based on sphigosine

A

Sphingolipids

100
Q

Sphingolipids backbone structure

A

Ceramide: resembles glycerol in phospholipds

101
Q

Be able to identify structures

A

Don’t have to draw them

102
Q

3 groups of sphingolipids

A
  1. Sphingomyelins
  2. Glycosphingolipids
  3. Gangliosides
103
Q

Also classified as a phospholipid due to the phosphocholine moiety

A

Sphingomyelins

104
Q

Present in the myelin sheath of nerve cells

A

Sphingomyelins

105
Q

Have one or more sugars attached to the ceramide moiety and contain no phosphate

A

Glycosphingolipids

106
Q

The most complex sphingolipids with elaborate oligosaccharides as their polar head groups and always contain 1 or more slalic groups

A

Gangliosides

Biochem (11 decks)

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