exam 4

Question 1

oxygemoglobin

Answer 1

hemoglobin with oxygen

Question 2

carbaminohemoglobin

Answer 2

carbon dioxide

Question 3

is combination of hemoglobin and CO reversible?

Answer 3

no

Question 4

higher pH causes oxygen to move which way? Lung or hemoglobin?

Answer 4

hemoglobin

high affinity for O2 and lower affinity for CO2

Question 5

what influences clotting?

Answer 5

presence of clotting factors or protein

speed of blood flow (slower blood flow= faster clot)

Question 6

hemostatis

Answer 6

a process which causes bleeding to stop, meaning to keep blood within a damaged blood vessel

Question 7

what is plasma made of?

Answer 7

90% water

10% solutes (albumins, globulins and fibrinogen)

Question 8

albumin

Answer 8

most abundant plasma protein

responsible for maintaining the osmotic pressure of blood

Question 9

globulins

Answer 9

antibodies and transport of lipids and heavy metal ions

Question 10

fibrinogen

Answer 10

this protein is converted by blood-borne enzymes into fibrin during clot formation.

synthesized and secreted by the liver.

Question 11

melatonin

Answer 11

hormone that affects wake/sleep pattern and seasonal functions

produced from pineal glands

Question 12

hypothalamus

Answer 12

controls body temperature, hunger, thirst, fatigue, sleep

secrets releasing hormones which stimulates the secretions of pituitary hormones

Question 13

ADH

Answer 13

antidiuretic hormone

released by hypothalamus and stored in posterior pituitary gland

targets kidney, sweat glands, circulatory system

promotes reabsorption of water by kidney tubules
to conserve water for the body

Question 14

oxytocin

Answer 14

released by posterior posterior gland

causes contraction of smooth muscle in wall of uterus during childbirth

stimulates ejection of milk from lactating breast/mammary gland

Question 15

GH

Answer 15

growth hormone

protein that stimulates growth of bones, muscles and other organs

released by GHRH

Question 16

ACTH

Answer 16

adrenocorticotropic hormone

released by CRH (corticotropin RH)

Stimulates cortex of adrenal gland to secrete cortical hormones, particularly cortisol ( increases blood Pressure and Blood Glucose, has immunosuppressive action) & aldosterone

Question 17

TSH

Answer 17

thyroid stimulating hormone

stimulates thyroid gland to thyroid hormone

released by TRH

Question 18

Thyroxin

Answer 18

T4

gets converted into T3 by D2 enzyme

inhibits TRH

Question 19

T3

Answer 19

regulate basal metabolic rate, cellular metabolism, growth & development, respiratory rate , heart rate, thermogenesis, etc…

needs iodine for their synthesis

Question 20

Thyroid functions

Answer 20

T3/T4 secretion from follicular cells

stores material in the colloid

secretes calcitonin from the parafollicular cells

Question 21

calcitonin

Answer 21

decrease calcium in the blood by

1. inhibiting osteoclast activity
2. decrease reuptake by kidney
3. decrease intake by GI

Question 22

PTH

Answer 22

increase calcium in blood by

1. resorbing the bones by activating the osteoclast
2. increase Ca2+ reuptake from kidneys
3. increase Ca absorption by the GI tract (by increasing production of vitamin D)

Question 23

aldosterone

Answer 23

activated by angiotensin II, ACTH, increased K+ levels

Targets kidney:
reabsorption of Na+ and secretion of K+ and H+

increases blood pressure by osmolar reuptake of H20

Question 24

cortisol

Answer 24

activated by ACTH

immunosuppressant, metabolism, development, arousal/wakefulness

Question 25

adrenal gland secretion

Answer 25

cortex (hard outer) - corticosteroid and gonadocorticoid hormones medulla (soft inner) -catecholamines

Question 26

Adrenaline and noradrenaline

Answer 26

``` increase heart rate by: contracting blood vessels increasing air passageway diameter increase glycogenolysis and lipolysis increase muscle contraction ```

Question 27

kidney

Answer 27

secretes erythropoietin and renin erythropoietin- stimulate the production of RBC when O2 levels decrease renin- enzyme used in the conversion of angiotensinogen into angiotensin I

Question 28

diabetes

Answer 28

increased urination mellitus (insulin dependant, type I) or (insulin receptor dependent, type II) insipidus (type III) (problem with ADH)

Question 29

diabetes insipidus

Answer 29

decrease in ADH 1. neurogenic - malfunction of post. pituitary gland to release ADH 2. nephrogenic- ADH is produced normally but kidney isn't responding to the hormone's signal to reabsorb H20 no problem of glycemia

Question 30

glucagon

Answer 30

Increase glycemia by increasing neoglycogenesis (activate glycogenolysis, mobilise fat reserved in adipocytes, promote degradation of muscles proteins into AA)

Question 31

Insulin

Answer 31

``` Decrease glycemia (activate glycogenesis) by activating at a glucose transporter at the surface of cells (in other words, forcing cells to uptake glucose) Increase anabolism (in general) Decrease catabolism ```

Question 32

Somatostatin

Answer 32

hibernation hormone It negatively regulates the endocrine system. Brain: inhibits the release of GH and TSH hormone. GI tract: inhibit the secretion of all GI hormones such as CCK, gastrin, GIP etc… Also secreted by hypothalamus, stomach, and intestine