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digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

digestion

A

break down carbohydrates, proteins and lipids into their smallest elements so they can be absorbed (amino acids, VFA, simple sugars…)=nutrients
Absorption of all nutrients, including the ones that did not need processing (cholesterol, calcium, etc…)

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2
Q

fats

A

VFA and glycerol

triglyerids need to be broken down into smaller components

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3
Q

food path in monogastrics

A 
mouth 
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
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4
Q

3 ways to break down food particles

A

mechanically: chewing or pounding it
chemically: strong acids

Enzymatically: hydrolysis that is catalyzed by enzymes

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5
Q

drawbacks of enzymes

A

enzymes catalyzes only one type of reaction

need hundreds of enzymes to digest all the compounds present in food

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6
Q

Bile

A

solubilize fatty acids that do not like to be in aqueous solution

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7
Q

animals have no enzyme to breakdown what?

A

cellulose

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8
Q

gizzard

A

mechanical breakdown with stones for birds

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9
Q

which acid is produced in the stomach?

A

HCl

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10
Q

main function of rumen

A

degrade cellulose via fermentation

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11
Q

degradation of fat

A

bile is added to triglyceride–> becomes soluble in water–> lipases is added –> degraded to glycerol and fatty acids

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12
Q

where is mechanical breakdown used (2)

A

teeth

gizzard

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13
Q

where is chemical breakdown used (1)

A

true stomach

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14
Q

where is enzymatic breakdown used (5)

A 
Salivary glands
Stomach (true one)
Exocrine Pancreas
Duodenum
Jejunum
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15
Q

where is fermentation used? (3)

A

rumen
cecum
colon

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16
Q

what absorbs food particles?

A

rumen - VFA produced by fermentation
omassum- water
ileum- nutrients (AA, carbs, lipids)
colon- water, some vitamins

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17
Q

what organs that participate in digestion without touching any food particle?

A

pancreas- secrete enzymes
liver- bile and enzymes
salivary glands- saliva in the mouth

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18
Q

3 types of fermenters

A

foregut fermenters
midgut fermenters
hindgut fermenters

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19
Q

foregut fermenters

A

ruminants (sheep)

digest the cellulose of plants in the rumen

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20
Q

hindgut fermenters

A

horse
one stomach chamber
most of the fermentation occurs in the cecum and colon

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21
Q

coprophagy

A

used to absorb essential amino acids and vitamins that were produced by the microbes but couldn’t be absorbed in the large intestine, so it had to be re eaten

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22
Q

what are midgut fermenters?

A

fishes like tilapia, carps, and catfish

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23
Q

what does the liver secrete?

A

secrete bile salts that is then stocked in the gall bladder

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24
Q

exocrine pancreas

A

secretes pancreatic juices that include digestive enzymes that will digest fats, carbohydrates, and peptide; and carbonate buffer to pH the acidity of the gastric juices

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25
is the liver and pancreas directly in contact with food?
no
26
chyme
bolus or chewed up food in the duodenum
27
role of the liver and pancreas during digestion
liver: secrete bile pancreas: secrete pancreatic juices and contribute to enzymatic digestion
28
role of the liver and pancreas after digestion
liver: metabolized nutrients pancreas: secrete insulin to direct the storage of the nutrients ingested
29
hepatic vein
takes blood back to the heart from the liver
30
hepatic artery
brings oxygenated blood from the heart to the liver
31
2 veinous system in the liver
portal- brings nutrients from the GI tract to the liver for processing hepatic- brings deoxygenated blood to the heart
32
types of cells in the liver
cholangiocytes hepatocyte nonparenchymal cell
33
cholangiocytes
transport the bile
34
hepatocytes
will play a role after the absorption of the nutrients by the small intestine aka parenchymal cells
35
nonparenchymal cells
sinusoidal hepatic cells kupffer cells hepatic stellate cells
36
pancreas anatomy
2 glands in one: | exocrine and endocrine
37
endocrine pancreas
work on glycemic control | produce insulin
38
how come pancreas doesn’t autodigest itself enzymatically?
it secretes inactive enzyme | activation cascade occurs in the duodenum that invovles the duodenal enterokinase
39
3 segments of the small intestine
duodenum jejunum ileum
40
how does the small intestine move food?
it is always contracting by peristalsis This is controlled by the autonomous nervous system
41
duodenum function
mix bile and pancreatic juice with the chyme activates the pancreatic enzyme activations
42
jejunum
where the enzymatic breakdown of the food chyme is completed where absorption occurs
43
ileum
final section of the small intestine absorbs nutrients and bile
44
rugae
wrinkles that cover the intestinal walls
45
paneth cells
secretes defensin- host defense peptides that protect against bacteria, fungi, and many enveloped and nonenveloped viruses
46
zymogen
enzyme in its inactive form
47
function of spleen
store blood cells immune system remove excess blood cells
48
what gives bile its color?
heme and bilirubin
49
fundus
upper stomach
50
stomach: nervous and hormonal response to a bolus
1-Food travels down the esophagus 2-cardiac (Esophagal) sphincter relaxes and food enter the fundus 3-Presence of food in fundus (upper stomach) provoke a relaxation of the muscles of the fundus=> store the food until processing 4- presence of food in the stomach stimulate Gastrin secretion by the G cell which will in turn activate Pepsinogen secretion by the chief cells HCl secretion by parietal cells Peristaltic contractions in the lower stomach (antrum) 5- the stomach activity can modulated by the autonomous nervous system (flight or flight response)
51
G-cells
secretes the hormone gastrin which will activate other secretions
52
gastrin function
1. activate HCl secretion | 1. activate pepsinogen secretion --> pepsin
53
antrum
lower stomach
54
chief cells
secrete pepsinogen
55
parietal cells
secrete HCl
56
Coordination and feedbacks between stomach and duodenum
1. food arrives in the stomach 2. food reaches the antrum 3. activation of gastrin secretion by G cells - HCl and pepsinogen production 4. chyme is released into duodenum 5. presense of chyme in duodenum stimulate the secretion of secretin, GIP ( Gastric inhibitory polypeptide), CCK (Cholecystokinin)
57
CCK and secretin stimulate what?
pancreas -production of HCO3, amylase, lipase, and peptidase biliary system -production and release of bile from the liver and gall bladder
58
parasympathetic autonomous system
increase blood flow to the digestive track and will increase peristalsis
59
sympathetic autonomous system
will slow down digestion ( prevertebral ganglion) | this is activated during flight and fright response
60
Enteric autonomous nervous system
Works with the Parasympathetic NS but doesn’t require it. Deals with peristalsis movements only.
61
motilin
secreted by cells found in the intestinal crypts, it stimulates peristalsis of the small intestine and clear out the gut to prepare it for the next meal (housekeeper of the gut)
62
2 types of enzymatic digestion of proteins
Endopeptidase and exopeptidase
63
Endopeptidase
will cut the link between amino acids anywhere in the length of the chain ex. pepsin, trypsin
64
Exopeptidase
will remove one residue at the time starting always at one end of the other of the chain ex. carbopeptidases A and B
65
Pepsin
pepsinogen is produced and activated in the stomach pepsin requires pH <2 to function
66
pancreatic enzymes
all the enzymes secreted by the pancreas are inactive (zymogen) duodenum secretes a special enzyme called enterokinase (convert pancreatic trypsinogen into trypsin) Trypsin catalyses the conversion of the other inactive enzymes … and will also contribute to the enzymatic breakdown of the chyme’s protein content
67
types of carbohydrates
starch cellulose glycogen
68
what enzymes digest cellulose, starch, glycogen, and disaccharides?
cellulose--> cellulase (only produced by microorganisms) starch --> amylase (saliva and pancreatic juice) glycogen--> amylase disaccharides --> disaccharidase (small intestine)
69
3 salivary glands
parotid sublingual submandibular
70
parotid
produce amylase
71
sublingual
mucus production
72
submandibular
amylase and mucus production

Anatomy And Physiology (15 decks)

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