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Anatomy And Physiology > digestive system > Flashcards

digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

digestion

A

break down carbohydrates, proteins and lipids into their smallest elements so they can be absorbed (amino acids, VFA, simple sugars…)=nutrients
Absorption of all nutrients, including the ones that did not need processing (cholesterol, calcium, etc…)

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2
Q

fats

A

VFA and glycerol

triglyerids need to be broken down into smaller components

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3
Q

food path in monogastrics

A 
mouth 
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
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4
Q

3 ways to break down food particles

A

mechanically: chewing or pounding it
chemically: strong acids

Enzymatically: hydrolysis that is catalyzed by enzymes

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5
Q

drawbacks of enzymes

A

enzymes catalyzes only one type of reaction

need hundreds of enzymes to digest all the compounds present in food

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6
Q

Bile

A

solubilize fatty acids that do not like to be in aqueous solution

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7
Q

animals have no enzyme to breakdown what?

A

cellulose

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8
Q

gizzard

A

mechanical breakdown with stones for birds

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9
Q

which acid is produced in the stomach?

A

HCl

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10
Q

main function of rumen

A

degrade cellulose via fermentation

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11
Q

degradation of fat

A

bile is added to triglyceride–> becomes soluble in water–> lipases is added –> degraded to glycerol and fatty acids

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12
Q

where is mechanical breakdown used (2)

A

teeth

gizzard

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13
Q

where is chemical breakdown used (1)

A

true stomach

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14
Q

where is enzymatic breakdown used (5)

A 
Salivary glands
Stomach (true one)
Exocrine Pancreas
Duodenum
Jejunum
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15
Q

where is fermentation used? (3)

A

rumen
cecum
colon

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16
Q

what absorbs food particles?

A

rumen - VFA produced by fermentation
omassum- water
ileum- nutrients (AA, carbs, lipids)
colon- water, some vitamins

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17
Q

what organs that participate in digestion without touching any food particle?

A

pancreas- secrete enzymes
liver- bile and enzymes
salivary glands- saliva in the mouth

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18
Q

3 types of fermenters

A

foregut fermenters
midgut fermenters
hindgut fermenters

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19
Q

foregut fermenters

A

ruminants (sheep)

digest the cellulose of plants in the rumen

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20
Q

hindgut fermenters

A

horse
one stomach chamber
most of the fermentation occurs in the cecum and colon

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21
Q

coprophagy

A

used to absorb essential amino acids and vitamins that were produced by the microbes but couldn’t be absorbed in the large intestine, so it had to be re eaten

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22
Q

what are midgut fermenters?

A

fishes like tilapia, carps, and catfish

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23
Q

what does the liver secrete?

A

secrete bile salts that is then stocked in the gall bladder

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24
Q

exocrine pancreas

A

secretes pancreatic juices that include digestive enzymes that will digest fats, carbohydrates, and peptide; and carbonate buffer to pH the acidity of the gastric juices

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25
Q

is the liver and pancreas directly in contact with food?

A

no

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26
Q

chyme

A

bolus or chewed up food in the duodenum

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27
Q

role of the liver and pancreas during digestion

A

liver: secrete bile
pancreas: secrete pancreatic juices and contribute to enzymatic digestion

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28
Q

role of the liver and pancreas after digestion

A

liver: metabolized nutrients
pancreas: secrete insulin to direct the storage of the nutrients ingested

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29
Q

hepatic vein

A

takes blood back to the heart from the liver

30
Q

hepatic artery

A

brings oxygenated blood from the heart to the liver

31
Q

2 veinous system in the liver

A

portal- brings nutrients from the GI tract to the liver for processing

hepatic- brings deoxygenated blood to the heart

32
Q

types of cells in the liver

A

cholangiocytes
hepatocyte
nonparenchymal cell

33
Q

cholangiocytes

A

transport the bile

34
Q

hepatocytes

A

will play a role after the absorption of the nutrients by the small intestine
aka parenchymal cells

35
Q

nonparenchymal cells

A

sinusoidal hepatic cells
kupffer cells
hepatic stellate cells

36
Q

pancreas anatomy

A

2 glands in one:

exocrine and endocrine

37
Q

endocrine pancreas

A

work on glycemic control

produce insulin

38
Q

how come pancreas doesn’t autodigest itself enzymatically?

A

it secretes inactive enzyme

activation cascade occurs in the duodenum that invovles the duodenal enterokinase

39
Q

3 segments of the small intestine

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

40
Q

how does the small intestine move food?

A

it is always contracting by peristalsis

This is controlled by the autonomous nervous system

41
Q

duodenum function

A

mix bile and pancreatic juice with the chyme

activates the pancreatic enzyme activations

42
Q

jejunum

A

where the enzymatic breakdown of the food chyme is completed

where absorption occurs

43
Q

ileum

A

final section of the small intestine

absorbs nutrients and bile

44
Q

rugae

A

wrinkles that cover the intestinal walls

45
Q

paneth cells

A

secretes defensin- host defense peptides that protect against bacteria, fungi, and many enveloped and nonenveloped viruses

46
Q

zymogen

A

enzyme in its inactive form

47
Q

function of spleen

A

store blood cells
immune system
remove excess blood cells

48
Q

what gives bile its color?

A

heme and bilirubin

49
Q

fundus

A

upper stomach

50
Q

stomach: nervous and hormonal response to a bolus

A

1-Food travels down the esophagus
2-cardiac (Esophagal) sphincter relaxes and food enter the fundus
3-Presence of food in fundus (upper stomach) provoke a relaxation of the muscles of the fundus=> store the food until processing
4- presence of food in the stomach stimulate
Gastrin secretion by the G cell which will in turn activate
Pepsinogen secretion by the chief cells
HCl secretion by parietal cells
Peristaltic contractions in the lower stomach (antrum)
5- the stomach activity can modulated by the autonomous nervous system (flight or flight response)

51
Q

G-cells

A

secretes the hormone gastrin which will activate other secretions

52
Q

gastrin function

A
  1. activate HCl secretion

1. activate pepsinogen secretion –> pepsin

53
Q

antrum

A

lower stomach

54
Q

chief cells

A

secrete pepsinogen

55
Q

parietal cells

A

secrete HCl

56
Q

Coordination and feedbacks between stomach and duodenum

A
  1. food arrives in the stomach
  2. food reaches the antrum
  3. activation of gastrin secretion by G cells
    - HCl and pepsinogen production
  4. chyme is released into duodenum
  5. presense of chyme in duodenum stimulate the secretion of secretin, GIP ( Gastric inhibitory polypeptide), CCK (Cholecystokinin)
57
Q

CCK and secretin stimulate what?

A

pancreas
-production of HCO3, amylase, lipase, and peptidase
biliary system
-production and release of bile from the liver and gall bladder

58
Q

parasympathetic autonomous system

A

increase blood flow to the digestive track and will increase peristalsis

59
Q

sympathetic autonomous system

A

will slow down digestion ( prevertebral ganglion)

this is activated during flight and fright response

60
Q

Enteric autonomous nervous system

A

Works with the Parasympathetic NS but doesn’t require it. Deals with peristalsis movements only.

61
Q

motilin

A

secreted by cells found in the intestinal crypts, it stimulates peristalsis of the small intestine and clear out the gut to prepare it for the next meal
(housekeeper of the gut)

62
Q

2 types of enzymatic digestion of proteins

A

Endopeptidase and exopeptidase

63
Q

Endopeptidase

A

will cut the link between amino acids anywhere in the length of the chain
ex. pepsin, trypsin

64
Q

Exopeptidase

A

will remove one residue at the time starting always at one end of the other of the chain
ex. carbopeptidases A and B

65
Q

Pepsin

A

pepsinogen is produced and activated in the stomach

pepsin requires pH <2 to function

66
Q

pancreatic enzymes

A

all the enzymes secreted by the pancreas are inactive (zymogen)
duodenum secretes a special enzyme called enterokinase (convert pancreatic trypsinogen into trypsin)
Trypsin catalyses the conversion of the other inactive enzymes … and will also contribute to the enzymatic breakdown of the chyme’s protein content

67
Q

types of carbohydrates

A

starch
cellulose
glycogen

68
Q

what enzymes digest cellulose, starch, glycogen, and disaccharides?

A

cellulose–> cellulase (only produced by microorganisms)
starch –> amylase (saliva and pancreatic juice)
glycogen–> amylase
disaccharides –> disaccharidase (small intestine)

69
Q

3 salivary glands

A

parotid
sublingual
submandibular

70
Q

parotid

A

produce amylase

71
Q

sublingual

A

mucus production

72
Q

submandibular

A

amylase and mucus production

Anatomy And Physiology (15 decks)

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