exam 4 Flashcards
what occurs if there is a vitamin A dificieny post-eruptively?
salivary glands can atrophy (reducing saliva amount), can also hyperkeratinize normally thin, mucous membranes.. perio tissues can appear hyperkeratinized or hyperplastic with pocket formation tendency
when is gas created in the colon?
within 30 minutes and up to 2 hours after eating some form of dairy product
what are characteristics of a toddler?
move to more solid foods
picky eaters
decrease in appetite
snacking is important
what type of people are prone to GERD?
smokers, obese, pregnant, hiatal hernia, and diabetics
what occurs if there is a deficiency in vitamin D?
pre-eruptively: enamel or dentin hypoplasia
post-eruptively: osteomalacia in adults and loss of lamina dura
what are the post eruptive effects of vitamin A?
maintains epithelial tissues and keeps salivary glands working and integrity of sulcular epithelium
what is pica?
person will crave or eat nonnutritive substances like dirt and laundry detergent
what types of food are craved during pregnancy?
sweets: 40%
salty: 33%
spicy: 17%
sour: 10%
this is incorporated into developing tooth to add strength during the pre eruptive stage?
fluoride
this causes permanent intrinsic tooth staining of ingested during tooth development
tetracycline
at what age has high cholesterol levels been noted?
as young as age 2.. pediatricians recommend that fat intake be kept around 30% of total daily calorie intake up to 5 yrs.
what are the post eruptive effects of vitamin C?
helps with formation of collagen, wound healing and formation of connective tissue.. maintains the integrity of blood vessels and assists with phagocytosis
what happens when infants fail to thrive?
their weight is not proportional to their height and they rank in the bottom third or below standard growth charts
what do zinc deficiencies cause?
delay in wound healing, thickening of epithelium of tongue, decrease sensation in taste
what are nutrtion concerns for women?
peaked linear growth
increasing body fat
may worry not thin enough
increased need for iron
time to store calcium
what percent of toddlers are over weight and what type of deficiency is common?
10%.. vitamin D and can affect ability to learn
what does a deficiency of cobalamine b12 involve?
pernicous anemia: bright, smooth and burning tongue
bodies require the same nutrients our entire lives.. what varies as out physiologic needs change with aging?
quantities
what if there is an excess of fluoride pre-eruptively?
dental fluorosis which is manifested by intrinsic staining and appears as parchment white spots in mildest form, and dark spots brown porosities in most severe form
what are some neural tube defects?
spina bifida: embryonic failure of fusion of one or more vertebral arches
malformation of brain and skull
anencephaly: absence of bones of the cranial vault and cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres
encephalocele: gap in the skull with herniation of the brain
this vitamin helps with the formation of collagen which includes dentin, pulp, cementum, alveolar bone, periodontal fibers, blood vessels, gingival nerves, and periodontal ligaments
vitamin C
what does a decieincy of thiamine B1 cause?
beriberi: increase in tissue sensitivity, burning tongue, loss of taste
what are the pre eruptive effects of calcium and phosphorus?
mineralize enamel, cementum and bone
What is the pre eruptive effects of vitamin C?
helps with formation of bone and teeth and formation of all connective tissue
what can occur with a pregnant mother who is severely under weight?
early delivery and low birth weight baby
this vitamin synthesizes epithelial tissues
vitamin A
this synthesizes hemoglobin
iron
too much of fluoride pre-eruptively causes?
dental fluorsis
during this stage, mineralization of primary teeth begins during the third or fourth month of pregnancy.
pre-eruptive stage
this is the time of development during which the environment has the greatest impact on the developing embryo
critical period
this repairs and maintain all tissues
protein
this is when the small intestines no longer produce lactase to break apart dairy products
lactose intolerant
what are the stages of life cycle?
pre-natal: fetal
infant: birth-12 months
toddler: 1-4 years
child: 5-12 years
teenager: 13-19 years
young adult: 20-50 years
older adult: 51 yrs and older
what are some healthy snack suggestions?
sliced apples, pears, peaches and grapes
slivers of carrots or celery with dip
bagels topped with peanut butter, smashes fruit, or cream cheese
soft taco rolls filled with left over meat
cheese strips or cubes
yogurt
small crustless sandwiches
popcorn
peanut butter or cheese on crackers
English muffins
tortillas with bean dip
what can cause unsightly dental fluorosis?
high levels of naturally occurring flouride
what do iron deficiency cause?
glossitis
dysphagia
atrophied lingual papilla
gray mucous membranes
angular cheliits
what nutrients are needed for development?
vitamin A, D, K, C, B complex
protein
calcium and phosphorus
iron
zinc
what does a deficiency of riboflavin b2 involve?
inflamed tongue, angular chelosis, greasy, red, scaky lesions around nose
what happens with a fluoride deficiency?
calcified structures are weak,porous and open for attack by acid destruction
during the post-eruptive stage this repairs all tissues and forms antibodies, a deficiency slows tissue healing and causes degeneration of periodontal connective tissue
protein
what amount of calories does a mother require?
extra 300 calories per day beginning in the fourth month until delivery
extra protein calcium foods rich in B complex 25% increase in fluid intake plenty of folate rich foods
these are needed in abundance for calcification of hard tissues and vitamin D to help with absorption
calcium and phosphorous
bike backwashes into the esophagus, irritating the lining and causing significant burning
GERD
what are the characteristics of a school aged child?
form lifelong relationship with food
brain is same as adults
liver is half as big as adults (requires steady blood glucose levels to concentrate, feed every four hours)
good appetite
snacks important
this helps with wound healing
zinc
when are the tooth development for permanent teeth?
central incisors: 3-4 mth
lateral: 10-12 mth (3-4 mth mandible)
canine: 4-5 mth
premolars: 1.5-2.5 yr
first molars: birth
second molars: 2.5-3 yr
what is the cause of failure to thrive in infants?
multifactorial: medical, emotional, psychosocial and nutritional issues
when are crowns of primary teeth completely formed?
at birth
pre natal vitamins should include these for healthy tooth formation
foods rich in calcium, phosphorous and vitamin D
folate rich foods (at least 400 mcg a day)
if deficient there is an increased chance of having neural tube defects
what are the post eruptive effects of calcium and phosphorus?
remineralize hard tissues and maintain bone
what are the three phases of life?
fetal development, pre-eruption of permanent teeth and post-eruption of permanent teeth
what are crowns of permanent teeth completely formed?
by the age of 1
what occurs if there is a deficiency of calcium and phosphorous?
pre-eruptively: enamel hypocalcification
post-eruptively: bone loss
what happens if there is a vitamin C deficiency?
pre-eruptively: irregular formation or absence of dentin
post-eruptively: can cause enlarged bluish-red, hemorrhagic gingival tissues
when does the first primary tooth erupt into the oral cavity?
by 6 mths.. parents should be counseled on cleaning newly erupted teeth
this enhances the absorption of calcium and phosphourous
vitamin D
what are the pre-eruptive effects of vitamin D?
aids with calcifications of hard tissues (bone, enamel, dentin and cementum)
this is the leading cause of childhood mortality in developing countries
protein energy malnutrition
what is there an increased incidence of with obesity?
hypertension, diabetes, pre-clampsia and prolonged delivery for mother and congenital CNS malformations for the fetus
these work as co enzymes that work together to maintain healthy oral tissues
b complex vitamins
this is vital for growth and health on the life
good nutrition
what is associated with increased incidence of tooth caries?
high blood levels of lead
what does a deficiency of niacin B3 involve?
pellagra: red, swollen, tongue, and painful eating and swallowing
what if there is an excess of fluoride post-eruptively?
topical protective effects against dental caries and excess is excreted
a deficiency in folacin causes?
burning tongue, angular chelosis, gingivitis, frequent oral lesions.. cleft lips and palates
what foods are rich in folate?
dark green leafy veggies
citrus fruits and juices
foritified cereals
broccoli
asparagus
legumes
beans
peas
nuts
how long should breast milk and infant formula be provided for?
4-6 months
what are some nutrition concerns for men?
building up to peak linear growth
begin to develop bone and muscle mass
consume 4,000 calories just to maintain weight
increased need for major nutrients
desire to build muscle mass
what occurs if there is a deficiency of vitamin A pre-eruptively?
abnormal formation of enamel and dentin and contribute to the formation of cleft lip and palate and abnormal formation of salivary glands
characteristics of teenagers?
worst diets of age group
diets influenced by peer pressure
time of rapid physical growth
hormonal changes affect every organ
nutrient and energy needs are greatly accelerated
consume twice as much soda as milk
what is pica a deficiency of?
iron or other minerals
what are factors are to consider and various avenues of delivery that make it difficult to control of fluoride?
community water supply, fluoridated tooth paste, fluoride content in food and beverages, amount consumed, stage of tooth development during consumption
what increases the mothers chance of developing life threatening disease for herself and the fetus?
obesity
what are the time for primary tooth development?
incisors: 4-5 mth in utero
molars: 5-6 mth in utero
during the pre-eruptive stage this assists with the formation of maxilla, mandibular and periodontal.. deficiency causes crowded and rotated teeth
protein
this vitamin aids with blood clotting and a deficiency cause prolonged clotting time?
vitamin K
what are the pre-eruptive effects of vitamin A?
assists in the formation of mucous secreting cells of the salivary glans and helps with normal formation of enamel and dentin..
what are the post eruptive effects of vitamin D?
helps repair diseased bone..
this plays a critical role in the fetus developing healthy oral structures
maternal nutrition
when does primary teeth mineralization begin?
early in the 2nd trimester
what are teeth lost during pregnancy due to?
decay and pain
this has a direct relationship with dental caries in children exposed to second hand smoke?
cotinine, byproduct of nicotine
this is a time of tremendous growth
infancy
what does a long term vitamin C deficiency cause?
scurvy..
gingival tissues appear dark red to purply, spongy, and hemorrhagic, teeth are mobile, breath is feitd
during the post eruptive stage, this continues to protect against dental caries..
fluoride
during what time can fluoride be detrimental?
if too much or too little is ingested during the critical growth period of 6 months to 2.5 years when permanent teeth are developing
what type of deficiency will obese mothers frequently have?
vitamin D
what type of foods worsen GERD?
alcohol, chocolate, fatty and fried foods, citrus, garlic, onions, mint, tomatoes and spicy
