exam 2 Flashcards
what is the primary role of vitamins in the body?
energy metabolism
tissue synthesis
antioxidants
rbc synthesis
this is a silver-white metallic mineral essential for mineralization of bones and teeth
magnesium
What are the functions of Vitamin D?
bone growth with the assistance of calcium and phosphorus
what is the most toxic water soluble vitamin?
pyrocidine B6
it can be stored in liver and muscle
Where can Vitamin E be found?
Margarine, vegetable shortening, salad dressing, whole grains, nuts, and legumes
What are food soruces of Riboflavin?
milk, meat, poultry, fish enriched, whole grains, and cereals
what are the seven major minerals?
calcium chloride magnesium phosphorus potassium sodium sulfur
what vitamin is a cofactor for synthesis of prothombin for blood clotting?
vitamin K
this is a soft silvery metal and is one of the two elements of table salt, used for food flavoring.. functions as a cation in an extracellular fluid to regulate balance
sodium
these HELP with the metabolic reaction that releases energy within the food molecules
vitamins
what mineral is a concern for fish?
mercury
what vitamin is the most toxic?
vitamin D- it enhances calcium absorption and too much is detrimental to the heart
what are the deficiencies of folate?
fetal neutral tube defects, macrocytic anemia
how much of the body is water?
45-70%
this assists with the formation of teeth and bones and acts as an enzyme in energy metabolism and protein synthesis and is necessary for muscle contractions
phosphorus
how much magnesium is stored in bones and teeth?
60%
39% in soft tissues and 1% in extracellular fluid
what is the major role in the human body of water?
solvent for chemical process removes and dilutes toxic waste transport system builds tissue regulates body temp. cushions delicate tissues moistens mucous membranes maintains blood volume
this is found in intracellular fluid, working with sodium and chloride on the outside, in extracellular fluid to maintain water balance in the bodys fluid compartments
potassium
what fish have high levels of mercury?
shark, sword fish, and mackereal
this helps form DNA, RNA and RBC found in dark green leafy veggies and orange juice
folate (b9)
this is the synthesis of protein collagen, antioxidant, and wound healing.. causes scurvy and found in fruits and veggies and fortified foods
vitamin C, ascorbic acid
these are absorbed with dietary fats through the small intestines, sent to liver and fat depots, they also circulate through blood with help of chylomicrons and lipoproteins
fat soluble vitamins
what is the most toxic water soluble vitamin?
pyrocidine B6
it can be stored in liver and muscle
what are the roles of minerals?
electrolytes tissue synthesis energy metabolism cofactors in chemical reactions facilitators in the antioxidant process
What precursor is used to make Niacin?
Trytophan
What are sources you can get Vitamin A from?
carrots, yellow and orange fruits and veggies, spinach, broccoli, liver, eggs, butter, and fortified foods
what is osteomalacia?
softening of the bones, typically through a deficiency of vitamin D or calcium.
The function of this is cell function to coenzyme to b2 RBC formation, with a deficiency in pellegra
Niacin (B3)
What are the oral deficiency symptoms of Vitamin D?
loss of alveolar bone thinning trabeculae
what are the antioxidants?
A,C,E
what makes the tooth structure less soluble and more resistant to demin?
the hydroxyl ion in the tooth combines with the fluoride ion to form fluorohydroxyapatite
these are chemical compounds that protect body tissue from damage caused by free roaming oxygen atoms and automatically intercept oxygen and free radicals
antioxidants
This vitamin is the only one found exclusively in animal food
B-12
what effect does pyridoxine (b6) have on the oral cavity?
can cause angular chelitis
what types of deficiencies are associated with calcium?
rickets, osteomalacia, osteoporosis
what are the common trace minerals?
chromium cobalt copper fluoride iodine iron lithium manganese molybdenum nickel selenium silicone tin vanadium zinc
what are minerals?
essential inorganic noncaloric metals small electrically charged particles
this vitamin helps build tissues and develop RBC and is found in animal foods only or fortified foods
cobalamin B12
where are phylates found?
in fiber and bind with zinc
what type of diseases do vitamins cure?
only ones related to the vitamins metabolic functions
what increases the retention of calcium in teeth and bones?
fluoride
What is the function of Riboflavin (B2)?
Growth, repair and production of RBC and ATP
this is the only mineral considered non essential, found in drinking water, soil, tea, seafood, RDI 3mg, and an excess releates in dental fluorosis
fluoride
what minerals function as electrolytes?
sodium
potassium
chloride
What is the function of Vitamin A?
formation of epithelium, skin, and mucous membranes, healthy eyes and bone remodeling
Natural vs synthetic vitamins?
the body does not recognize the difference between them
This vitamin has the function of providing energy metabolism, and has a deficiency in beriberi
Thiamin (B1)
what can vitamin c do to the mouth?
can cause red to purplish, swollen, bleeding, gingival tissues and loose teeth and slow healing.
what minerals are needed for tissue synthesis?
calcium fluoride zinc phosphorus magnesium
What are some deficiencies associated with Vitamin D?
rickets
osteomalacia
osteoporosis and calcium deficiency
what minerals are used for energy metabolism?
phosphorus magnesium manganese iodine chromium
What deficiencies are associated with Vitamin A?
night blindness, impaired tooth formation and keratinized epithelial tissues
what food sources contain pyridoxine?
meat, poultry, fish, eggs, liver, brown rice and lentils and peanuts
this is when vitamins and mnerals are added to a food such as cereal and milk?
fortification
This is a coenzyme in energy metabolism and glycogen synthesis and found in cauliflower, cooked eggs, peanuts and cheese
Biotin
These are absorbed through the small intestines and excess is excreted in the urine
water soluble vitamins
What is the function of Pyridoxine (B6)?
brain function and production of RBC
Where are fat soluble vitamins stored and water soluble?
bodys fat depots
excreted daily
these bind minerals and prevent their absorption?
phylates and oxylates
What deficiencies are associated with Vitamin E?
hemolytic anemia
these are calorie free molecules needed by the body in very small quantities to help with metabolic processes
vitamins
What are some oral deficiency symptoms from Vitamin A?
xerostomia, oral leukoplakia, hyperkeratosis, hyperplastic gingival tissue
how much water is recommended for average inactive man and woman?
8, 8 oz. glasses of water
how much of water is made p of intracellulary?
65% of body water, where metabolic work takes place
What is the function of Vitamin E?
Antioxidant that protects RBC
where are oxylates found?
leafy greens and bind with calcium
on average, how much water is lost every day?
10 cups
this is second to oxygen as being vital to life
water
how much of the bodys chemical functions depend on water?
99%
what year had all 13 currently recognized vitamins been discovered?
1940
what fish have low levels of mercury?
shrimp, tuna, salmon, Pollock, and cat fish
what food sources are calcium found in?
dairy
animal bones
stone ground meal
tofu
broccoli
legumes
foritifed orange juice
how long can the body survive without water?
no more than 3 days
This is a coenzyme in energy metabolism, rare deficiencies and present in many foods
pantothenic acid
What are some food sources of Vitamin D?
liver, egg yolks, and fish oil
sun, fortified milk and products
what is the most abundant mineral in the body?
calcium.. 99% in the teeth and bones, 1% is available in blood and soft tissue and is used for conducting nerve signals, contracting muscles, keeping cell membranes permeable, forming bridges between collagen strands and acting as cofactor in the synthesis of blood clotting
how much of phosphorus is stored in the teeth and bones?
80%
this is the partner to table salt, and work together in extracellular fluid to maintain the bodys fluid balance
chloride
what are the deficiencies of pyridoxine?
microcytic anemia depression convulsions
What vitamin contains the deficiency with Ariboflavonosis?
Riboflavin (B2)
what are sources of calcium?
milk dairy products sardines stone ground cornmeal lime processed tortillas tofu broccoli legumes fortified grape juice
which vitamin has the highest requirement and what is it?
Vitamin C (60 mg)
What are the fat soluble vitamins?
A
D
E
K
What effects does Riboflavin cause on the oral cavity?
red swollen lips, vertical fissures, chelosis, burning, smooth red tongue, atrophied lingual papillae, red and burning gingival tissues
what are the functions of calcium?
mineralization of calcified structures
contracting muscles
nerve condition
cofactor in blood clotting protein
how much percent is water of extracellulary?
35% of body water serving as transport for nutrients and wastes throughout the body
What food sources are vitamin B1 found in?
pork, enriched grains, milk, legumes and nuts
what is the difference between vitamins and minerals?
vitamins are organic and minerals are inorganic
these are nutrients that were lost during processing are added back to their same level such as flour, rice and bread
enriched
What food sources contain Niacin?
meat, poultry, fish, dark green leafy veggies, enriched grains, peanut butter and peas
This type of vitamin clots blood, has a hemorrhaging deficiency, and is found in dark green leafy veggies
Vitamin K
these can be vitamins, amino acids, minerals, herbs, or botanicals
dietary supplements
what can dietary supplements be supplied in?
tablets, capsule, powder, tea, soft gel, gel cap or liquid
wat is USP?
united states pharmacopeia. non gonvernmental medical research group. the mark means the supplement has been batch tested for accurate dosage. it is not meant it’s safe and effective
what is vitamin o?
defendants claimed vitamin O could treat or prevent serious diseases with supplemental lxygen
