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Psych 101 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Social psychology

A

The study of how people think/feel/behave in regard to others and how individual thought is affected by others

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2
Q

Attributions

A 
How people explain the causes of behavior
2 types:
-internal/dispositional/personal
-external/situational
(Fritz Heiders big insight)
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3
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

Tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences on others behaviors
-also called correspondence bias
Ex. Someone driving crazy and you don’t know why

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4
Q

Self-serving bias

A 
People tend to make internal attributions for positive outcomes and blame negative outcomes on external causes
Why?
-self-esteem
-our efforts
-extends to in-groups
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5
Q

Attitude

A

General evaluations people hold in regard to themselves, others, objects, events, or ideas
-often influenced by beliefs
-for choosing favorable/unfavorable
Ex. Whether you like the president

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6
Q

Petty and Cacioppo

A

Said people do not always process communications in the same way

  • Central and peripheral route to persuasion
  • motivation+ability = route u take
  • attitudes affect actions
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7
Q

Foot in the door technique

A

Start with small request and work up to big request

-actions affect attitudes (also role playing)

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8
Q

Cognitive dissonance theory

A

Three basic ideas:
-people are motivated to be consistent in their attitudes and behaviors
-behaving inconsistent with attitude leads to tension (this is cognitive dissonance)
-we are motivated to reduce dissonance by changing attitude or behavior
Ex. Patty Hearst or Boring study

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9
Q

How to reduce dissonance

A
  1. Convince self that behavior is consistent with attitude
  2. Minimize the importance of the inconsistency
  3. Change behavior(hardest)
  4. Add in consonant cognitions or subtract dissonant cognitions
  5. Change attitude
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10
Q

Chamaeleon affect

A

People mimic without knowing

  • people mimic people they like more
  • social influence is automatic
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11
Q

Three types of social influence

A

Conformity, compliance, and obedience

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12
Q

Conformity

A

A change in behavior or attitude brought about by a desire to follow the police or standards of others
Ex. Asch’s line judgement
-increases with group size(4), unamity, friends
-increase w easy tasks +low importance
-decrease with hard task and high importance

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13
Q

Compliance

A

Yielding to a direct, explicit appeal meant to produce certain behavior or agreement to a particular point of view

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14
Q

Obedience

A

A change in behavior due to commands of others

-Milgram’s shock study

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15
Q

Informational social influence

A

Using information of others to understand ambiguous situations

  • to be accurate
  • leads to private acceptance
  • reason we conform
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16
Q

Normative social influence

A

Conformity for social approval

  • to avoid conflict
  • Norms
  • leads to public compliance
  • reason we conform
  • aschs study
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17
Q

Influences on obedience

A
  1. Immediacy of victim
  2. Immediacy of authority
  3. Foot in door
  4. Responsibility passed on
  5. Trust of test
  6. Rebellious model
    (Gender and type of pleas did not help)
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18
Q

Social facilitation

A

An increase in performance when in the presence of others (easy task)

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19
Q

Social inhibition

A

A decrease in performance when in the presence of others

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20
Q

Deinduviduation

A

Losing ones sense of personal identity, which makes it easier to behave in ways inconsistent with ones normal values
Reasons:
-makes people feel less accountable
-distracts from self values
Idea: being in a group or crowd undermines constraints of social norms

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21
Q

Stereotypes

A

A generalization about a group where characteristics are assigned to all members regardless of actual variation

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22
Q

Prejudice

A

Attitude towards a group of people based solely on the people
Ex. Racism
-can bias behavior

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23
Q

Discrimination

A

Unjustified negative behavior toward a member of a group bc of their membership

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24
Q

Social roots of predjudice

A

Belief in just world
Realistic group conflict-conflict bc of scarce resources
Ingroup and outgroup- favoring own group
-can be explicit or implicit(automatic)

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25
Q

Scapegoat theory

A

Theory that prejudice offers outlet for anger

-emotional root for prejudice

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26
Q

Categorization

A

Tendency to underestimate similarities in own group and overestimate similarities in other group

  • out group homogeneity bias
  • cognitive root for bias
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27
Q

Aggression

A 
Behavior intended to harm another person who is motivated to avoid the harm
3 factors:
-behavior
-intention
-victim avoiding
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28
Q

Peripheral vs central route persuasion

A

Peripheral- people are influenced by incidental cues; very quick (attractiveness)
Central-people focus on the arguments; occurs when people are already involved

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29
Q

Zimbardo

A

Ran studies for role playing affect
(Bad barrel not bad apples)
“Fear can create aggression which is blamed on out group”

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30
Q

Group think

A

The mode of thinking that occurs when desire for harmony overrides realistic shit

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31
Q

Compassionate love

A

Needs:
Equity:partner gets what they give
Self-disclosure: revealing intimate aspects

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32
Q

Social exchange theory

A

Theory our social behavior is an exchange process (maximize benefits and reduce cost)

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33
Q

Reprocity norm

A

People will help people who have helped them

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34
Q

Social trap

A

Conflicting parties pursue their own interest rather than the good of the group which causes destructive behavior

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35
Q

Mirror-image perception

A

Mutual views by conflicting groups, however, sees the other group as evil

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36
Q

Super ordinate goals

A

Shared goals that override group differences

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37
Q

GRIT

A

Strategy designed to reduce international tensions

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38
Q

Other Race affect

A

Tendency to recall faces of own race better

  • 3-4 months
  • own age bias too
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39
Q

Personality

A

Pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

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40
Q

Freud

A
  • the psychoanalytic perspective of personality
  • ids, ego, superego (personality structure)
  • psychosexual stages
  • childhood sexuality and unconscious motives influence personality
  • human personality is from conflict between impulses
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41
Q

Ids

A

Unconscious psychic energy strives to satisfy basic drives to survive, reproduce, and aggress (pleasure principle)
-unconscious mind

42
Q

Ego

A

Seeks to gratify the ids impulses in realistic ways that bring long term pleasure (reality principle)(3)

  • mostly conscious
  • makes peace between ids and superego
43
Q

Superego

A

Forces ego to consider the real and ideal

  • how we should behave
  • 5-6
  • guilt
  • outside awareness but accessible
44
Q

Erogenous zones

A

Pleasure sensitive areas

45
Q

Psychosexual stages

A

Oral- 0-18 months, pleasure centers on the mouth
Anal-18-36 months bowel and bladder elimination
Phallic- 3-6 years, pleasure zone is the genitals
Latency- 6-puberty, a phase of dormant sexual feelings
Genital- maturation of sexual interests

46
Q

Defense mechanisms

A

The egos protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

  • regression, re-pression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, displacement, and denial
  • indirect and unconscious
47
Q

Regression

A

Leads an individual faced with anxiety to retreat to a more infantile psychosexual stage

48
Q

Repression

A

Vanishes anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from conscious
-underlies all other defense mechanisms

49
Q

Reaction formation

A

Causes the ego to unconsciously switch unacceptable impulses into their opposites
Ex. Expresses purity when anxiety about sex

50
Q

Projection

A

Leads people to disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to another

51
Q

Rationalization

A

Offers self justifying exclamations and place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one’s actions

52
Q

Displacement

A

Shifts sexual/aggressive impulses toward it as more acceptable or less threatening object or person
-outlet

53
Q

Adler

A
  • neofreudian
  • believed in childhood tensions, however, these tensions were social and not sexual
  • Child struggles with an inferiority complex during growth and strives for superiority
54
Q

Horney

A

Neofreudian

  • believed in social aspects like Adler
  • countered freuds assumption of women’s weak super ego and penis envy
55
Q

Projective tests

A

Provides window into the unconscious by asking test takers to describe an ambiguous stimulus

  • Thermatic perception test
  • ink blot (not valid or reliable
56
Q

False consensus effect

A

Tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors
-Freud

57
Q

Terror management theory

A

Enhance self-esteem to counter our anxiety about our own morality

58
Q

Free association

A

Method of exploring the unconscious mind where a person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind

59
Q

Oedipus complex

A

A boys sexual desires for Mother and hatred for father

-Electra complex for girls

60
Q

Identification

A

Freud

Children incorporate parents values into super egos

61
Q

Fixation

A

Freud

Lingering focus of pleasure seeking energies an early stage where conflicts were unresolved (oral, Anal, or phallic)

62
Q

Manifest and latent content

A

Manifest is remembered content of dreams. Latent is censored expression of unconscious wishes.

63
Q

Collective unconscious

A

Concept of shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces of our own species (Jung)

64
Q

Maslow’s Self actualizing pyramid

A
  1. Physiological needs
  2. Safety needs
  3. Belongingness needs
  4. Self-esteem needs
  5. Self actualization needs
  6. Self transcendence needs
65
Q

The humanistic perspective

A
  • focused on our inner capacity is for growth
  • maslow’s pyramid
  • rogers perspective
  • central feature: self-concept
  • vague, selfish, and naive
66
Q

Carl Rogers person centered perspective

A

Genuineness, acceptance, and empathy or the three things we need to grow mofo

67
Q

Unconditional positive regard

A

An attitude of grace, an attitude that values us even knowing our feelings
-free of being spontaneous without fearing losing others esteem

68
Q

The trait perspective

A

Peoples characteristic behaviors and conscious motives

  • Allport
  • describe traits not explain them
69
Q

Factor analysis

A

Round pie chart (kinda) with four main personalities

  • genetically influenced
  • stable and extroverts
70
Q

Personality inventory

A

A questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors

  • used to assess traits
  • MMPI
71
Q

The big five factors of assessing traits

A 
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
-stabilizes with age
-50% heretability
-brain structure and culture matter
-can predict behaviors
72
Q

The social cognitive perspective

A
  • Bandura
  • personality shaped by the interactions between people traits, environments, and behaviors
  • reciprocal determinism
  • personal control
73
Q

Self actualization

A
  • Maslow

- Motivation to fill potential

74
Q

Self efficacy

A

Sense of competence and effectiveness

75
Q

Narcissism

A

Excessive self-love and self absorbtion

76
Q

trephination

A
  • old school way of getting rid of disorders
  • “releases dempons”
  • burr holes
77
Q

Pinel

A

said madness was not demons but a sickness caused by stress and inhumane conditions
-treatment was focusing on relieving stress

78
Q

the medical model

A

concept that diseases, including psych disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed and treated

79
Q

generalized anxiety disorder

A

anxiety disorder where a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic system arousal

  • cognitive and physical symptoms
  • over exaggerating
80
Q

panic disorder

A

anxiety disorder marked by brief unpredictable episodes of intense dread

  • terror
  • chest pain
  • choking
81
Q

phobias

A

anxiety disorder marked by persistent irrational fear and avoidance of some shit

82
Q

OCD

A

anxiety disorder marked by unwanted repetitive thought and actions

  • common for teens
  • genetic
83
Q

compulsive hoarding

A

inability or unwillingness to discard large quantities of objects that cover living areas of the home and cause distress

84
Q

PTSD

A

an anxiety disorder marked by haunting memories, social withdrawl, jumping anxiety, and insomnia that lingers for weeks after traumatic experience

  • any age
  • greater emotional distress= higher risk
  • genetic
  • smaller amygdala
85
Q

fear conditioning

A

when associations form between neutral stimuli and fearful events
-simulus generalization and reinforcement

86
Q

anxiety disorder causes

A
  • fear conditioning
  • observational learning
  • cognition
  • natural selection
  • genes
  • brain
87
Q

major depressive disorders

A

mood disorder where a person experiences 2+ weeks of feelings of worthlessness

  • common cold of psych disorders
  • women twice as likely
  • increasing
88
Q

social cognitive perspective of depression

A

explanatory style: to what we attribute bad events and failures in life

89
Q

schizophrenia

A

delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions

  • viruses during pregnancy
  • small thalamus + cortex
  • out of sync neurons
  • dopamine
90
Q

delusions vs. disturbed perceptions

A

delusions- bizarre beliefs

disturbed perceptions- hallucinations

91
Q

dissociative disorder

A

conscious awareness becomes separated from previous thoughts, memories, and feelings

92
Q

dissociative identity disorder

A

rare condition where a person exhibits 2+ distinct alternating

93
Q

personality disorders

A

inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

94
Q

antisocial personality disorder

A

a personality disorder in which the person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing

  • tendency for aggression
  • small amygdala + less active frontal lobe
  • typically male
  • obsterical complications and childhood poverty
95
Q

agoraphobia

A

fear of situations of not escaping when anxiety strikes

96
Q

rumination

A

compulsive fretting and overthinking

97
Q

state-dependent memory

A

mood depending on experiences recalled

98
Q

chronic vs acute schizophrenia

A

chronic- episodes keep getting longer and more frequent

acute- and age after traumatic event

99
Q

fugue state

A

sudden loss of memory or change in identity

100
Q

autokinetic

A

dot moving in room

Psych 101 (5 decks)

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