Exam 3 Flashcards
Encoding
Get info to brain; processing of info into system (typing)
- automatic + effortful processing
- deep vs shallow processing
Storage
Retain the information like flash drive
-sensory, working, long-term memory
Sensory memory
- registers incoming information(quick)
- iconic+echoic memory
- unattended information is lost
Automatic processing
- produces implicit memories(effortless)
- cerebellum and basal ganglia
- Space, time, frequency, motor and cognitive skills, and classical conditioning
Effortful processing
- explicit memory
- hippocampus and frontal lobe
- facts and general knowledge and personally experienced events
Ebbinghaus
Studied impact of rehearsal by raging himself nonsense syllables
Idea: more repetition equals a better outcome
-meaningful info is easier to learn
-forgetting curve
Iconic memory
Sensory memory for visual information, lasts about 200 ms (sperlings experiment of random letters)
Echoic memory
Sensory memory for auditory information, lasts about three seconds
“What did I just say”
Working memory
The memory system responsible for holding info in a conscious state
- Limited capacity(7)
- Limited duration(20 seconds)
- like an active desktop
- unrehearsed information is lost
Connectionism
Info processing model; views memories as products of interconnected neural networks
(Specific ones = specific memories)
Long term memory
- responsible for permanent storage of information
- limitless capacity
- not always accurate(flashbulb memories)
- information is lost overtime
Long term potentiation
The prolonged strengthening of potential neuronal firing which provides basis for learning
(More receptor sites created)
William James
- forgetting is as key as remembering
- priming
- we feel sad bc we cry
Forgetting
There are three types:
Encoding failure- not putting it in right
Storage decay- forgetting curve; book was never purchased
Retrieval failure- proactive and retroactive interference
Harry Bahrick
Studied forgetting curve with family
Proactive versus retroactive interference
- Proactive is forward acting; memory disrupts learning
- retroactive is backward acting; learning disrupts recalling memory
- sleep helps with retroactive interference
Loftus + Palmer
Using a different words and asking for miles per hour in a car crash
Misinformation affect
After exposure to misinformation, many people misremember
Sigmund Freud
Said we repress painful memories to protect our self concept and minimize anxiety
-no one can lie
George Miller
Proposed that we can store about seven bits of information in short-term memory
Testing effect
Enhanced memory after retrieving rather than receiving
Memory consolidation
Neural stage of long-term memory
Glutamate
LTP enhancing neurotransmitter
CREB
Protein that enhances LTP
-reshape synapses and enhance learning
Propanol
Memory blocking drug
Carolyn collier
Baby kicking and crib experiment
Anterograde vs retrograde amnesia
Anterograde- inability to form new memories
Retrograde-inability to retrieve info
Alzheimer’s
Explicit memories are lost but can form implicit memories
Cognition
Refers to all mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
Concepts
mental grouping of similar things
Prototypes
Mental image or best example of a category
Insight
A sudden realization of a solution
- contrasts w strategy based
- temporal lobe
Intuition
Effortless thoughts/feeling
- contrasts with conscious reasoning
- feeds fears and prejudices
- adaptive
Algorithms
Methodical step-by-step procedure
-guarantees a solution
Heuristics
Simple thinking strategies that increase efficiency
- error prone
- representativeness and availability
Confirmation bias/positive test bias
Tendency to seek out information to confirm our theory
Fixation
Are inability to see a problem from a new perspective (mental set)
Functional fixedness
Our tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions
The representativeness heuristic
Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how they match stereotypes -more-likely coin toss -mythology -assuming job of man Ignoring base information
The availability heuristic
The tendency to rely on evidence that easily comes to mind
-flying is more dangerous than driving
Framing
The way an issue is posed
-affects decisions and judgements
Aphasia
Impairment of language; damage to brocas/wernickers areas
-can speak but can’t read even with good vision
Phonemes
The smallest distinctive sound unit
Morphemes
Smallest unit that carries meaning(small words/prefixes)
-semantics
Syntax
Rules for ordering words to form sentences
Linguistic determinism
Whorfs hypothesis that language determines the way we think
Language acquisition device
Build and neurological system which allows language(Chomsky)
Cultural transmission
Getting used to something because it is part of your culture
Intelligence
Mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt
Spearman’s general intelligence
-one general intelligence
Strength: some abilities correlate
Argument: human abilities are too diverse to be defined by a single intelligence factor
Thurstone primary mental abilities
-intelligence can be broken down into seven primary mental abilities
Strength: not a single g score
Weakness: still show a tendency to cluster
Gardners multiple intelligences
Abilities are classified into eight or nine independent intelligences
Strength: shows intelligence is more than just verbal and mathematical
Weakness: should all our abilities be considered intelligences?
-general intelligence is meaningless
Sternbergs triarchic theory
Or intelligence is best classified into three categories: analytical, creative, and practical
Strengths: can be measured
Weaknesses: might contain underlying G, and need to test success of three factors
Emotional intelligence
Key aspect consisting of perceiving understanding managing and using emotions
- 4 components predict success
- stretch concept of intelligence too far?
Components of creativity
Expertise, imagination, personality, and environment (sternberg)
Factor analysis
Statistics procedure that identifies clusters of related items
Francis Galton
- fascination w measuring human traits
- devised first test for mental ability(London exposition)
- tried to measure natural ability and have them mate (eugenetics)
Alfred Binet
- developed first test of intelligence for children
- mental age
Lewis Terman
- translated binets test into English (most widely used)(Stanford-Binet)
- intelligence quotient (mental age over actual age)
- youth with high IQ were successful
Aptitude tests vs achievement tests
Aptitude predicts future performance and achievement asses what you’ve learned
Ian deary
Took intelligence test of 11 year olds across 7 decades
-correlation was .66
Heritability
Estimate of the proportion of variability in a trait that is attributable to genetic factors
Intelligence is 50-70%
-affects individual differences but not group
Flynn affect
In every country intelligence test scores rise in the 20th century
Aging research
Phase 1- compare people of diff ages for intellectual decline (cross-sectional)
Phase 2- testing people over time for stability (longitudinal)
Phase 3- it all depends
Epigenetics
Studies natures and nurtures meeting place
Emotions
A mix of physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and consciously experienced thoughts
-biological, cognitive, and social-cultural
James-Lange theory
- emotion is our realizing of our physiological responses to emotion arousing stimuli
- we feel sad bc we cry
Cannon-Bard Theory
-emotion arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and emotions
Two factor or schachter-singer theory
- theory that to experience emotions, one must be physically aroused then cognitively label it
- arousal+label=emotion
- epinephrine experiment
Dutton and Aron’s experiment
- bridge or scary bridge and interviewer
- prediction fear would be labeled as sexual arousal
Yerkes-Dodson law
Arousal affects performance in different ways
Sympathetic division vs parasympathetic division
Sympathetic is arousing and parasympathetic is calming
Insula
Neural center activated when we experience negative social emotions
Darwin
- people used to communicate by emotion
- expressions are inborn
- expressions are understood by the whole species
- expressions are adaptive to control the behavior of others
- displaying the emotion leads to feeling it
- people mimic responses of others
Expressions
Communicate, amplify, and regulate emotions
Nonverbal communication
Kinesics-body language and facial expressions
Proxemics-distance and eye contact
How we communicate emotions
Verbal and nonverbal communication and Paralinguistics
Paralinguistics
Speech signal- tone, pitch, and volumes
Gait
The way someone walks provides info on personality
6 universal expressions
Fear, surprise, happiness, anger, disgust, and sadness
Becker
People were faster at detecting angry faces on males and happy faces on females
Emblem
Gesture that’s universal but only in one culture
Facial feedback hypothesis
Physical facial emotion leads to the emotion being felt
-new studies said this isn’t true
Relative deprivation
Perception that one is worse off than others
Behavior feedback affect
The tendency of behavior to influence ours and others thoughts feelings and actions
Izard
Said there was 10 emotions:
Joy, excitement/interest, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, content, fear, shame, and guilt
Catharsis
Emotional release; releasing aggressive energy(temporary calming)
Seligman
Positive psychology; views happiness as product of pleasant, engaged, meaningful life
Positive Psychology pillars
- Well being
- Character
- Enviorment
