Exam 2 Flashcards
Zygote
fertilized egg; conception- 2 weeks
Embryo
2 weeks to 9 weeks
Fetus
9 months to birth
teratogen
harmful agents such as viruses or drugs
Ex. smoking
epigenetic effect
leaves chemical marks on DNA turning genes on or off
Ex. alcohol
Affects of alcohol during pregnancy
- epigenetic
- cerebellum + hippocampus
- depresses CNS
- increases chances of alcoholism
Flinn affect
good prenatal nutrition produces positive outcomes
William James
- Said that new borns are blank slates and are confused
- said everyone knows what attention is; taking possession of the mind
habituation
form of learning that occurs when an organism shows a decrease in response to a stimulus after several repetitions (window into mental processes)
maturation
a biologically programmed growth process; neural networks growing increasingly more complex
(experience, however, can adjust this)
cognition
all mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communication
infantile amnesia
seldom remembering anything before the age of 3
Jean Piaget
- focused on cognitive development
- said children minds develop in stages and the driving force is our desire to make sense of everything
- stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
sensorimotor
-birth to 2 years
-experiencing world through senses and actions
-lack object permanence
developmental phenomena: object permanence and stranger anxiety
*karen wynn proved capable of primitive math
preoperational
- 2 to 6/7
-representing things with words; intuitive rather than logical
-lack concept of conservation
developmental phenomena: pretend play and egocentrism
concrete operational
-7-11 years
- develop conservation + mathematical transformations
-thinking logically about concrete events
developmental phenomena: conservation and mathematical transformations
Formal operational
-12-adult
-able to do abstract thinking
Developmental phenomena: abstract logic, potential for mature reasoning
Schema
Folders; mental model of something
Assimilation
Placing in folders; the process of interpreting experiences in terms of our schemas
Accommodation
New folders; process of adjusting schemas
Harlows
- Studied attachments in monkeys
- 2 artificial mothers
- proved contact comfort
Mary ainsworth
-Strange situation paradigm
-Parent left and then came back
60% secure
30% insecure
10% avoidant
Lev vygotsky
- alternate view than Piaget
- age 7 children use words to solve problems
- emphasized on social interaction rather than physical
Autism spectrum disorder
disorder in children marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction (impaired theory of mind) (repatative)
Eriksons
- focused on psychosocial development
- believed securely attached children approach life w trust
- two aspects of adulthood: intimacy and generativity
Authoritarian
Parents are coercive;Impose rules and expect obedience (too hard)
Permissive
Parents are unrestraining; don’t care (too soft)
Authoritative
Parents are confrontive; demanding and responsive (just right)
Primary sex characteristics
Reproductive organs
Secondary sex characteristics
Breasts + voice
Lawerence Kohlberg
-focused on moral development(stages)
Preconventional morality
Obeying the rules because of punishment or rewards
Conventional morality
Following rules because of social approval
Postconventional morality
Judging actions based on ethical principles
Stanley hall
First psychologist to describe adolescence
Presbycusis
Sensitivity to high-pitched tones
Fluid intelligence
Tests of abstract reasoning where prior experience is of no benefit
Crystallized intelligence
Tests that tap our accumulated knowledge
Telomeres
Tips of chromosomes that ware
Cross-sectional studies versus longitudinal studies
Cross-sectional studies compare people of different ages and longitudinal studies people over time
Neurocognitive disorders
Disorders marked by cognitive deficits; Alzheimer’s, brain injury, disease, and substance abuse
(formally called dementia)
Alzheimer’s
Marked by a neural plaques; loss of brain cells and deterioration of neurons that produce acetylcholine
(Protein in synaptic gap)
Spontaneous states of consciousness
Daydreaming, drowsiness, and dreaming
Physiologically states of consciousness
Hallucinations, orgasms, food/oxygen starvation
Psychologically induced states of consciousness
Sensory deprivation, hypnosis, and meditation
Freud
- first to recognize dual processing
- argued much of our behavior is driven by unconscious drives
- A healthy adult is one who can love and work
- dreams are symbolic
Blind sight
Patients have no awareness to any stimuli, however, are able to process aspects of visual stimuli like location
(different paths for visual stimuli)
Arensiky
Discovered REM sleep
Circadian rhythm
Occurs on a 24 hour cycle and include sleep and wakefulness( biological clock)
NREM1
Early light sleep, hallucinations, muscles active, alpha transforming to theta
NREM2
Sleep spindles, 45 to 55% of sleep, theta waves
NREM3
Night terrors and sleepwalking, slow delta waves, slowly disappears through night
REM
Brainstem blocks messages, most dreams happen, 20 to 25% sleep for adults, 80% sleep for newborns, fast beta wave
Why do we sleep?
Protection, recuperation, consolidation of memories, it plays a role in growth, and feeds creative thinking
The effects of sleep loss
Impaired concentration, emotional irritability, depressed immune system, greater vulnerability, and death
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
In hypothalamus; triggered by proteins that control circadian clock; decrease melatonin from pineal gland in morning
Dream theories
Wish fulfillment – we express unacceptable feelings
Information processing – filing away memories
Physiological function – establishing new neural pathways
Activation synthesis – just trying to make sense of everything
sensation
the stimulation of sensory organs by physical energy from external world; energy turns into neural signals
(bottom-up)
perception
our interpretation of what we sense based on experience, expectations, + surroundings
(top-down)
prosopagnosia
able to recognize the specific layout + characteristics of a face, but not all together
transduction
transforming of a stimulus into neural processes
psychophysics
the study of the relationship b/w physical characteristics of stimuli and our experiences of them
signal detection
across a number of trials, stimuli of diff intensities are presented
perceptual set
a set of mental tendencies and assumptions that greatly affects what we percieve; top-down (animals to rat thing)
priming
the activation of certain stimuli
difference threshold
minimum difference b/w 2 stimuli (just noticeable)
weber’s law
to be perceive as different, 2 stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percent
sensory adaption
diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation; allows us to focus on informative changes
vision wavelength
determines hue/color
vision intensity
determines brightness
the eye process
- light enters cornea
- passes through pupil
- pupil dilates/constricts according to intensity
- accommodation changes curve
- lense focuses light on retina
pupil
small adjustable opening
iris
colored muscle
fovea
central point of focus
retina
light-sensitive inner surface of eye (cones+rods)
cones
center, hotline, more precise, color and detail
rods
peripheral, black and white, dim light
retinal processing
cones and rods to bipolar cells to ganglion cells
feature detection
occipital lobe; respond selectively to certain things
overall vision
- retinal processing
- feature detection
- parallel processing
- recognition(perception)
david huble and torsten wiesle
noble prize; discovered feature detectors
ex. electrodes on cat brains
fusiform face area
region that responds to faces
young-helmholtz trichromatic theory
we have cones specialized for three colors: red, green, and blue
opponent processing theory
opposing retinal process that enable specific colors
hearing
- funnles into ear canal
- bones in auditory canal (hammer, anvil, stirrup)
- vibrations to cochlea
- pressure changes in cochlear fluid
- basilar membrane ripples
- bends hair cells
loudness
waves amplitude and number of hairs activated
pitch
wave frequency, number of hairs, and frequency of neural cells
sensorimotor hearing loss
most common; caused by damage to the cochlea receptor cells or to auditory nerves
conduction hearing loss
less common; caused by mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea
place theory
links pitch with the place where cochleas membrane is stimulated(how we hear high pitched but not low)
Frequency theory
Theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone sensing pitch (temporal)
Problem: neurons can’t fire that quick
Dislocation
A split in consciousness
Sensations
Pressure, warmth, cold, and pain
kinesthetic sense
Sense of position and movement of body parts
Ex. Tendons joints and muscles
Vestibular sense
Position and movement of head(inner ear)
Mccgurk affect
Seeing and hearing different things so they blend
Embodied cognition
Influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other stuff on cognitive preferences and judgments
Synesthesia
One sensation involuntary produces another
Extrasensory perception
Perception can occur apart from our sensory input
Ex. Telepath he, clairvoyance, and precognition
Parapsychology
Study of paranormal phenomena
Descartes
- first to theorize body is a machine
- pain travels through neural pathways
Pains influences
Biological influences: sensory receptors (nociceptors)
Psychological influences: Mental state influences pain
Socio-cultural influences: perceive more pain when others influence it
Classical/Associative conditioning
Learning by linking events
Operant learning
Learning it by punishment or reward
Neutral stimulus
Stimulus that elicits no response
Unconditioned stimulus
Stimulus that elicits automatic response
Unconditioned/natural response
The automatic response to a stimulus
Conditioned stimulus
Stimulus that is paired with unconditioned stimulus
Learning
A relatively permanent behavior change due to experience
Ivan Pavlov
Behaviorism, noble prize, meet powder and Bell experiment ; associative learning
Showed learning can be studied objectively
Watson
12 infants quote; behaviorism and environment
Acquisition
Initial stage of learning; neutral stimulus is linked to an unconditioned stimulus
Extinction
The weakend response from the conditioned stimulus no longer signaling unconditioned stimulus
Generalization
The tendency with the conditioned response for stimuli similar to conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
John Garcia
Discovered that organisms are predisposed to learn associations that help adapt and survive
B.F. Skinner
- Created operant chamber or Skinner box
- external influences on behavior
Thorndike’s law of effect
Behavior followed by a pleasant outcome is likely to happen again
Behaviorism
- Believe psych should be an objective science
- Studies behavior without mental processes
Latent learning
Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive
Positive reinforcement
Adding a rewarding stimulus
Negative reinforcement
Removing an aversive stimulus
Primary reinforcer
An innately reinforcing stimulus like food and water
Conditioned reinforcer
Stimulus that games power from primary reinforcer like money
Positive punishment
Administration of an aversive stimulus
Negative punishment
Removing a desirable stimulus
Biological constraints
Predisposed organisms to learn associations that are naturally adaptive
Intrinsic motivation
Desire to perform better behavior for your own sake
Extrinsic motivation
Behaving a way to avoid it being punished
