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Psych 101 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Zygote

A

fertilized egg; conception- 2 weeks

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2
Q

Embryo

A

2 weeks to 9 weeks

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3
Q

Fetus

A

9 months to birth

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4
Q

teratogen

A

harmful agents such as viruses or drugs

Ex. smoking

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5
Q

epigenetic effect

A

leaves chemical marks on DNA turning genes on or off

Ex. alcohol

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6
Q

Affects of alcohol during pregnancy

A
  • epigenetic
  • cerebellum + hippocampus
  • depresses CNS
  • increases chances of alcoholism
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7
Q

Flinn affect

A

good prenatal nutrition produces positive outcomes

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8
Q

William James

A
  • Said that new borns are blank slates and are confused

- said everyone knows what attention is; taking possession of the mind

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9
Q

habituation

A

form of learning that occurs when an organism shows a decrease in response to a stimulus after several repetitions (window into mental processes)

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10
Q

maturation

A

a biologically programmed growth process; neural networks growing increasingly more complex
(experience, however, can adjust this)

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11
Q

cognition

A

all mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communication

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12
Q

infantile amnesia

A

seldom remembering anything before the age of 3

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13
Q

Jean Piaget

A
  • focused on cognitive development
  • said children minds develop in stages and the driving force is our desire to make sense of everything
  • stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
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14
Q

sensorimotor

A

-birth to 2 years
-experiencing world through senses and actions
-lack object permanence
developmental phenomena: object permanence and stranger anxiety
*karen wynn proved capable of primitive math

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15
Q

preoperational

A
  • 2 to 6/7
    -representing things with words; intuitive rather than logical
    -lack concept of conservation
    developmental phenomena: pretend play and egocentrism
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16
Q

concrete operational

A

-7-11 years
- develop conservation + mathematical transformations
-thinking logically about concrete events
developmental phenomena: conservation and mathematical transformations

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17
Q

Formal operational

A

-12-adult
-able to do abstract thinking
Developmental phenomena: abstract logic, potential for mature reasoning

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17
Q

Schema

A

Folders; mental model of something

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17
Q

Assimilation

A

Placing in folders; the process of interpreting experiences in terms of our schemas

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18
Q

Accommodation

A

New folders; process of adjusting schemas

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19
Q

Harlows

A
  • Studied attachments in monkeys
  • 2 artificial mothers
  • proved contact comfort
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20
Q

Mary ainsworth

A

-Strange situation paradigm
-Parent left and then came back
60% secure
30% insecure
10% avoidant

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21
Q

Lev vygotsky

A
  • alternate view than Piaget
  • age 7 children use words to solve problems
  • emphasized on social interaction rather than physical
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22
Q

Autism spectrum disorder

A

disorder in children marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction (impaired theory of mind) (repatative)

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23
Q

Eriksons

A
  • focused on psychosocial development
  • believed securely attached children approach life w trust
  • two aspects of adulthood: intimacy and generativity
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24
Q

Authoritarian

A

Parents are coercive;Impose rules and expect obedience (too hard)

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25
Q

Permissive

A

Parents are unrestraining; don’t care (too soft)

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26
Q

Authoritative

A

Parents are confrontive; demanding and responsive (just right)

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27
Q

Primary sex characteristics

A

Reproductive organs

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28
Q

Secondary sex characteristics

A

Breasts + voice

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29
Q

Lawerence Kohlberg

A

-focused on moral development(stages)

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30
Q

Preconventional morality

A

Obeying the rules because of punishment or rewards

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31
Q

Conventional morality

A

Following rules because of social approval

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32
Q

Postconventional morality

A

Judging actions based on ethical principles

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33
Q

Stanley hall

A

First psychologist to describe adolescence

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34
Q

Presbycusis

A

Sensitivity to high-pitched tones

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35
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

Tests of abstract reasoning where prior experience is of no benefit

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36
Q

Crystallized intelligence

A

Tests that tap our accumulated knowledge

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37
Q

Telomeres

A

Tips of chromosomes that ware

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38
Q

Cross-sectional studies versus longitudinal studies

A

Cross-sectional studies compare people of different ages and longitudinal studies people over time

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39
Q

Neurocognitive disorders

A

Disorders marked by cognitive deficits; Alzheimer’s, brain injury, disease, and substance abuse
(formally called dementia)

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40
Q

Alzheimer’s

A

Marked by a neural plaques; loss of brain cells and deterioration of neurons that produce acetylcholine
(Protein in synaptic gap)

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41
Q

Spontaneous states of consciousness

A

Daydreaming, drowsiness, and dreaming

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42
Q

Physiologically states of consciousness

A

Hallucinations, orgasms, food/oxygen starvation

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43
Q

Psychologically induced states of consciousness

A

Sensory deprivation, hypnosis, and meditation

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44
Q

Freud

A
  • first to recognize dual processing
  • argued much of our behavior is driven by unconscious drives
  • A healthy adult is one who can love and work
  • dreams are symbolic
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45
Q

Blind sight

A

Patients have no awareness to any stimuli, however, are able to process aspects of visual stimuli like location
(different paths for visual stimuli)

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46
Q

Arensiky

A

Discovered REM sleep

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47
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

Occurs on a 24 hour cycle and include sleep and wakefulness( biological clock)

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48
Q

NREM1

A

Early light sleep, hallucinations, muscles active, alpha transforming to theta

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49
Q

NREM2

A

Sleep spindles, 45 to 55% of sleep, theta waves

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50
Q

NREM3

A

Night terrors and sleepwalking, slow delta waves, slowly disappears through night

51
Q

REM

A

Brainstem blocks messages, most dreams happen, 20 to 25% sleep for adults, 80% sleep for newborns, fast beta wave

52
Q

Why do we sleep?

A

Protection, recuperation, consolidation of memories, it plays a role in growth, and feeds creative thinking

53
Q

The effects of sleep loss

A

Impaired concentration, emotional irritability, depressed immune system, greater vulnerability, and death

54
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

In hypothalamus; triggered by proteins that control circadian clock; decrease melatonin from pineal gland in morning

55
Q

Dream theories

A

Wish fulfillment – we express unacceptable feelings
Information processing – filing away memories
Physiological function – establishing new neural pathways
Activation synthesis – just trying to make sense of everything

56
Q

sensation

A

the stimulation of sensory organs by physical energy from external world; energy turns into neural signals
(bottom-up)

57
Q

perception

A

our interpretation of what we sense based on experience, expectations, + surroundings
(top-down)

58
Q

prosopagnosia

A

able to recognize the specific layout + characteristics of a face, but not all together

59
Q

transduction

A

transforming of a stimulus into neural processes

60
Q

psychophysics

A

the study of the relationship b/w physical characteristics of stimuli and our experiences of them

61
Q

signal detection

A

across a number of trials, stimuli of diff intensities are presented

62
Q

perceptual set

A

a set of mental tendencies and assumptions that greatly affects what we percieve; top-down (animals to rat thing)

63
Q

priming

A

the activation of certain stimuli

64
Q

difference threshold

A

minimum difference b/w 2 stimuli (just noticeable)

65
Q

weber’s law

A

to be perceive as different, 2 stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percent

66
Q

sensory adaption

A

diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation; allows us to focus on informative changes

67
Q

vision wavelength

A

determines hue/color

68
Q

vision intensity

A

determines brightness

69
Q

the eye process

A
  • light enters cornea
  • passes through pupil
  • pupil dilates/constricts according to intensity
  • accommodation changes curve
  • lense focuses light on retina
70
Q

pupil

A

small adjustable opening

71
Q

iris

A

colored muscle

72
Q

fovea

A

central point of focus

73
Q

retina

A

light-sensitive inner surface of eye (cones+rods)

74
Q

cones

A

center, hotline, more precise, color and detail

75
Q

rods

A

peripheral, black and white, dim light

76
Q

retinal processing

A

cones and rods to bipolar cells to ganglion cells

77
Q

feature detection

A

occipital lobe; respond selectively to certain things

78
Q

overall vision

A
  • retinal processing
  • feature detection
  • parallel processing
  • recognition(perception)
79
Q

david huble and torsten wiesle

A

noble prize; discovered feature detectors

ex. electrodes on cat brains

80
Q

fusiform face area

A

region that responds to faces

81
Q

young-helmholtz trichromatic theory

A

we have cones specialized for three colors: red, green, and blue

82
Q

opponent processing theory

A

opposing retinal process that enable specific colors

83
Q

hearing

A
  • funnles into ear canal
  • bones in auditory canal (hammer, anvil, stirrup)
  • vibrations to cochlea
  • pressure changes in cochlear fluid
  • basilar membrane ripples
  • bends hair cells
84
Q

loudness

A

waves amplitude and number of hairs activated

85
Q

pitch

A

wave frequency, number of hairs, and frequency of neural cells

86
Q

sensorimotor hearing loss

A

most common; caused by damage to the cochlea receptor cells or to auditory nerves

87
Q

conduction hearing loss

A

less common; caused by mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea

88
Q

place theory

A

links pitch with the place where cochleas membrane is stimulated(how we hear high pitched but not low)

89
Q

Frequency theory

A

Theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone sensing pitch (temporal)
Problem: neurons can’t fire that quick

90
Q

Dislocation

A

A split in consciousness

91
Q

Sensations

A

Pressure, warmth, cold, and pain

92
Q

kinesthetic sense

A

Sense of position and movement of body parts

Ex. Tendons joints and muscles

93
Q

Vestibular sense

A

Position and movement of head(inner ear)

94
Q

Mccgurk affect

A

Seeing and hearing different things so they blend

95
Q

Embodied cognition

A

Influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other stuff on cognitive preferences and judgments

96
Q

Synesthesia

A

One sensation involuntary produces another

97
Q

Extrasensory perception

A

Perception can occur apart from our sensory input

Ex. Telepath he, clairvoyance, and precognition

98
Q

Parapsychology

A

Study of paranormal phenomena

99
Q

Descartes

A
  • first to theorize body is a machine

- pain travels through neural pathways

100
Q

Pains influences

A

Biological influences: sensory receptors (nociceptors)
Psychological influences: Mental state influences pain
Socio-cultural influences: perceive more pain when others influence it

101
Q

Classical/Associative conditioning

A

Learning by linking events

102
Q

Operant learning

A

Learning it by punishment or reward

103
Q

Neutral stimulus

A

Stimulus that elicits no response

104
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

Stimulus that elicits automatic response

105
Q

Unconditioned/natural response

A

The automatic response to a stimulus

106
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

Stimulus that is paired with unconditioned stimulus

107
Q

Learning

A

A relatively permanent behavior change due to experience

108
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Behaviorism, noble prize, meet powder and Bell experiment ; associative learning
Showed learning can be studied objectively

109
Q

Watson

A

12 infants quote; behaviorism and environment

110
Q

Acquisition

A

Initial stage of learning; neutral stimulus is linked to an unconditioned stimulus

111
Q

Extinction

A

The weakend response from the conditioned stimulus no longer signaling unconditioned stimulus

112
Q

Generalization

A

The tendency with the conditioned response for stimuli similar to conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

113
Q

John Garcia

A

Discovered that organisms are predisposed to learn associations that help adapt and survive

114
Q

B.F. Skinner

A
  • Created operant chamber or Skinner box

- external influences on behavior

115
Q

Thorndike’s law of effect

A

Behavior followed by a pleasant outcome is likely to happen again

116
Q

Behaviorism

A
  • Believe psych should be an objective science

- Studies behavior without mental processes

117
Q

Latent learning

A

Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive

118
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Adding a rewarding stimulus

119
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Removing an aversive stimulus

120
Q

Primary reinforcer

A

An innately reinforcing stimulus like food and water

121
Q

Conditioned reinforcer

A

Stimulus that games power from primary reinforcer like money

122
Q

Positive punishment

A

Administration of an aversive stimulus

123
Q

Negative punishment

A

Removing a desirable stimulus

124
Q

Biological constraints

A

Predisposed organisms to learn associations that are naturally adaptive

125
Q

Intrinsic motivation

A

Desire to perform better behavior for your own sake

126
Q

Extrinsic motivation

A

Behaving a way to avoid it being punished

Psych 101 (5 decks)

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