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Psych 101 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

tendency for people to exaggerate how much they could have predicted an outcome after it occurred

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2
Q

A Thought Experiment

A

Tell one group one thing and ask their opinion and then tell another group the opposite and ask their opinion.

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3
Q

Theory

A

An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations.

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4
Q

Hypothesis

A

A testable prediction implied by a theory

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5
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

a statistical index (-1 to 1) between two variables

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6
Q

Serendipity

A

discovering something while looking for something else

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7
Q

positive relationships

A

variables go in the same direction (whether positive or negative)

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8
Q

research question

A

questions that can be answered through objective observations; develop with everyday observations or behavior

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9
Q

conceptual variable

A

a factor/construct that’s not observed directly

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10
Q

operational definition

A

turn a conceptual variable into a variable that can be measured

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11
Q

correlation method

A

measure variables as they already exist in nature (scatterplots)

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12
Q

independent variable

A

variable that is manipulated

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13
Q

dependent variable

A

variable that is observed

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14
Q

grouping variable

A

variable that is independent but cant be manipulated

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15
Q

control variables

A

held constant in experiment (random variables that affect)

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16
Q

random assignment

A

each participant has an equal chance of being in any condition (necessary to establish causality in a true experiment)

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17
Q

extraneous/confounding variable

A

any variable that the experimenter wants to hold constant (eliminates alternate explanations)

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18
Q

Four Research Ethics

A
  1. Obtain informed consent
  2. Protect them from harm
  3. Maintain confidentiality
  4. Debrief
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19
Q

Animal research ethics

A

Replacement- use alternatives if possible
Refinement- minimize distress
Reduction- use fewest animals possible

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20
Q

phrenology

A

a popular wrong theory that claimed bumps on the skull could reveal mental abilities (Mark Twain)

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21
Q

sensory neurons

A

carry messages from the body tissues and sensory organs inward to the brain and spinal cord
(out>in)

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22
Q

motor neurons

A

carry messages from brain out to body tissues

in>out

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23
Q

dendrites

A

receive messages

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24
Q

cell body

A

the cells life support center

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25
Q

myelin sheath

A

covers axon of some neurons to speed them up

26
Q

axon

A

passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, and glands

27
Q

nerve impulse

A

electrical signal traveling down the axon

28
Q

terminal branches of axon

A

form junctions with other cells

29
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

30
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

controls self-regulated actions of organs and glands

31
Q

somatic nervous system

A

controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles

32
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

expands energy; accelerates heart rate and raises blood pressure

33
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

conserves energy; decelerates heart rate and lowers blood pressure

34
Q

brainstem

A

oldest, innermost part and is responsible for primitive functions; contains medulla and reticular formation

35
Q

Thalamus

A

receives information from senses (except smell) and routes it

36
Q

Cerebellum

A

attached to brainstem; coordinates voluntary movements and balance, also plays a role in learning motor skills

37
Q

The Limbic System

A

associated with emotion, drives, and memory formation; contains hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus

38
Q

hippocampus

A

involved in acquisition of memories (patient H.M.)

39
Q

amygdala

A

regulates fear and aggression

40
Q

hypothalamus

A

regulates fighting, fleeing, feeding, and reproduction

41
Q

The Cerebral Cortex

A

2/3 of mass, convoluted, enables higher level functions including perceiving, thinking, and speaking

42
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

involved vision; contains visual cortex

43
Q

Temporal lobes

A

involved in hearing, understanding language, and storing autobiographical memories; contains auditory cortex

44
Q

Parietal lobes

A

involved in sensations of touch, pain, and temperature; contains somatosensory cortex

45
Q

Frontal lobe

A

involved in motor functions, language, memory, executive functions

46
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

spans the region between left temporal and parietal lobes; associated with the processing of words

47
Q

Broca’s ares

A

area of left frontal lobe and is associated with the production of language

48
Q

motor cortex

A

area at the rear off frontal lobes that control voluntary movement

49
Q

association areas

A

found in all four lobes; responsible for integrating information, linking sensory inputs with stored memories

50
Q

Behavioral Genetics

A

the study of environmental and genetic factors and their interplay on differences in psychological traits

51
Q

chromosomes

A

each cell has 23 from each parent

52
Q

DNA

A

2 strands make a chromosome

53
Q

genes

A

small segments of DNA molecules; provide the code for making protein molecules

54
Q

genome

A

genetic material of an organism; includes genes and DNA

55
Q

fraternal twins

A

develop from separate eggs and share half their genes

56
Q

Goal of molecular genetics

A

to identify specific genes that influence normal human traits such as body weight, sexual orientation, and basic personality rights.

57
Q

heretability

A

mathematical estimate of the extent to which variation among individuals can be attributes of their differing genes(0-1)

58
Q

medulla

A

base that controls involuntary functions

59
Q

reticular formation

A

filters incoming stimuli and relays info

60
Q

corpus callosum

A

fibers that connect to brain hemispheres

Psych 101 (5 decks)

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