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Psychology 101 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Personality

A

an individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

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2
Q

Examples of biosychological theories of personality

A
  • Galen’s Humoral Theory: personality cam from excess of bodily fluid
  • Phrenology: skull shape
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3
Q

Psychoanalytic perspective of personality (Freud’s Theory)

A

-Psychoanalysis is both an approach to therapy and a theory of personality. Emphasized unconscious motivation- the main causes of behavior lie buried in the unconscious mind

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4
Q

Three Main Structures of our Personality

A
  • Id
  • Ego
  • Superego
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5
Q

Id

A
  • 100% unconscious
  • pleasure principle
  • has urges, desires, wants; seeks pleasure and avoid pain, irrational, wants what you want no matter the reality
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6
Q

Ego

A
  • Boss of mind

- Tell you what is right/wrong; can be irrational

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7
Q

Superego

A
  • moral

- decision maker

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8
Q

Interaction between Id + Ego + Superego

A

Id + Superego + outside forces are telling you what you want to do, but the ego decides what to do

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9
Q

Defense Mechanism

A

is in psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

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10
Q

Why do we use defense mechanisms?

A

to reduce anxiety (the ego’s way)

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11
Q

Defense Mechanism Examples

A
  • repression
  • regression
  • rationalization
  • reaction formation
  • projection
  • displacement
  • sublimation
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12
Q

Repression

A

pushing down any unwanted feelings into the unconscious

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13
Q

Regression

A

when we have too much anxiety, we regress (go back) and think of the way we acted in earlier life to calm down

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14
Q

Rationalization

A

when you have anxiety, you come up with another reason for your thoughts and behavior to make you feel better

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15
Q

Reaction Formation

A

you have anxiety that makes you uncomfortable, so you behave in the opposite way; kill them with kindness

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16
Q

Projection

A

you have unwanted feelings and you project them on someone else

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17
Q

Displacement

A

you have feelings and you displace those feelings else where

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18
Q

Sublimation

A

redirect energy into a socially acceptable way

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19
Q

Are Freud’s ideas/theories still considered valid?

A

NO

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20
Q

Projective Tests

A

personality test, such as the Rorschach inkblot test, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics (draw out peoples feelings)

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21
Q

Objective Tests

A

direct and to the point, ask direct questions about thoughts, feelings, and behavior (not ambiguous)

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22
Q

Trait

A

characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to fell and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports

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23
Q

Goal of a trait perspective of personality

A

specify a set of distinct personality dimensions for use in summarizing fundamental psychological differences

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24
Q

‘BIG FIVE” personality traits

A
  • Emotional Stability
  • Extraversion
  • Openness
  • Agreeableness
  • Conscientiousness
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25
Emotional Stability
Calm vs anxious secure vs insecure self-satisfied vs self-pitying
26
Extraversion
sociable vs retiring fun-loving vs sober affectionate vs. reserved
27
Openness
imaginative vs practical preference for variety vs preference for routine independent vs conforming
28
Agreeableness
soft-hearted vs ruthless trusting vs suspicious helpful vs uncooperative
29
Conscientiousness
organized vs disorganized careful vs careless disciplined vs impulsive
30
Why do psychologists care about individual differences in personality?
If we measure them right, we might be able to predict things, and who is more likely to do certain things (good/bad behavior)
31
Psychological Disorder
deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelings, and actions
32
Medical Model
concept that disease, in the case of psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital; good but incomplete
33
Biopyschosocial approach
holistic approach (look at biology, psychology, and sociology)
34
Maladaptive Approach
type of behavior that inhibit a persons ability to adjust to a particular situation. The individual falls into these behaviors in an attempt to escape discomforts of life
35
DSM
- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - Work in progress, descriptive, focused on observable symptoms - Labeling (summarize patients symptoms and covey info)
36
Rosenhan Classical Study
found that labels can also be harmful/inaccurate
37
Anxiety Disorders
psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety, or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
38
How do Anxiety Disorders differ from Ordinary Worries and Fears?
Feel some level of anxiety consistently
39
GAD (General Anxiety Disorder)
A person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal
40
Panic Disorder
Marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations
41
Phobia
Marked by persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situations; have a specific target
42
OCD (Obsessive Compulsive Disorder)
Characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions) 1) obsessive thoughts -- constant thoughts and anxiety 2) repetitive behaviors (compulsions) so that the obsessive thoughts go away
43
PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder)
Characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience
44
Agoraphobia
fear and often avoid places/situations that might cause you to panic and make you feel trapped, helpless or embarrassed
45
Mood Disorders
psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes
46
Major Depressive Disorder (depression)
person experiences, in the absence of drugs and medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities
47
Bipolar Disorder
person alternates between the hopelessness of lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania
48
Possible Causes of Mood Disorders
Genes, brain, hormones, cognitions, stressful events, abuse, etc
49
Dissociative Disorder
a broken connection in your memory
50
DID (Dissociative Identity Disorder)
multiple personalities disorder
51
Schizophrenia
group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions
52
Disorganized Thinking
Jumbled thoughts, cannot put pieces of puzzle together to form cognitive sentence
53
Delusional Thinking
delusions and hallucinations; false beliefs
54
Disturbed Perceptions
thinking things are there when they are not
55
Inappropriate Emotions
Delusions and hallucinations that cause inappropriate emotions such as laughing and crying
56
Delusions
false beliefs | ex) person walks by and smiles at you, leads you to believe that they are trying to kill you
57
Hallucinations
thinking things are there when they are not
58
antisocial personality disorder
(Sociopath) mental heath disorder characterized by the disregard for other people and their feelings, no regard for right and wrong
59
Conformity
when you adjust your behavior/thinking to match other people
60
Normative Conformity
conform because you want approval or don't conform because you are worried about what others will think
61
Causes for Schizophrenia
- Brain abnormalities - Anatomy - Excess dopamine receptors - Midpregnancy viral infections - Genes
62
Informational Conformity
conforming because you think those people know something that you don't know
63
Social Psychology
scientific study of how peoples thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others
64
Conditions that Strengthen Conformity
- feeling insecure - when three or more people are present - when group is anonymous - if you view the people you are with as higher, more attractive, etc. - if you made no prior commitment - if you're being watched - culture
65
Asch's Study on Conformity
Study with bar graphs, found that even when you know the right answer, you won't choose the right answer if all of the other people around you are choosing the wrong answer
66
Confederate
researcher who is pretending to be apart of the study
67
Social Facilitation
when you behave better just because others are there
68
Social Loafing
sometimes the presence of others makes you slack off
69
Deindividualization
do things that we wouldn't do if we weren't in a big group (lose identity)
70
Group Polarization
ideas/beliefs/values; get into a group of people that have the same beliefs so the bond is stronger
71
Groupthink
idea that you have to come to a decision about (feel a need for harmony/peace) we forget to think deeply about our decision
72
Milligram's Obedience Research
research was to see how far the teacher would go in while shocking a confederate. 2/3 of the people went all the way to the end
73
Zimbardo's Prison Experiment
"prisoner" and "guard" roles. Experiment got way out of hand. Guards became overly abusive. prisoners became psychologically troubled
74
Altruism
unselfish regard for the welfare of others
75
Bystander Effect
social psychological phenomenon that refers to cases in which individuals d not offer any means of hep to a victim when other people are present
76
Three Things that Lead us to Help Others:
1) You notice 2) See it as an emergency 3) assume some responsibility for helping
77
Other Factors that relate to our likelihood to help:
person appears to need and deserve help, the person is in some way similar to us, we have observed someone else being helpful, we are not in a hurry, we are in a small town/rural, we feel guilty, we are focused on others and not preoccupied, we are in a good mood

Psychology 101 (4 decks)

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