Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Psychology
A
The scientific study of behavior and mental processes
2
Q
Plato
A
brain involvement in mental processes
3
Q
Aristotle
A
Hearts involvement in mental processes
4
Q
Locke
A
Tabula Rasa (blank slate) nature vs. nurture
5
Q
Darwin
A
Origin of species
6
Q
Wilhelm Wunat
A
first psychology lab in Germany
7
Q
G. Stanley Hall
A
first psychology lab in US
8
Q
Margaret Floy Washburn
A
First woman to receive Ph.D. in psychology
9
Q
Sigmund Freud
A
The interpretation of Dreams (urges and desires)
10
Q
John Watson
A
“Psychology as the Behaviorist Views it” focused on things you could physically see
11
Q
Mary Cover Jones
A
Works on fear reconditioning (getting rid of fears)
12
Q
Egas Moniz
A
Published first frontal love lobotomies performed on humans
13
Q
Humanist psychology and cognitive neuroscience/cognitive revolution
A
1960’s
14
Q
Why do we need different psychology perspectives and approaches??
A
Needed to explain behavior and mental processes
15
Q
Neuroscience
A
Brain, hormones
16
Q
behavioral genetics
A
link between genes and behaviors
17
Q
evolutionary
A
distribution of genes. adaptive behaviors
18
Q
Psychodynamic
A
(freud) something within you is driving your behavior
19
Q
behavioral
A
“learned” behavior through punishment, observation, etc.
20
Q
Cognitive
A
the way people think, thinking patterns
21
Q
sociocultural
A
whats going on in society or in your world, all other people
22
Q
Clinical psychologists
A
works in clinics, asses and treat mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders
23
Q
counseling psychologists
A
counsels people to help them cope with challenges and personal and social functioning
24
Q
developmental psychologists
A
aims to explain how children and adults change over time.
25
school psychologists
help children and youth succeed academically, socially, and emotionally
26
cognitive psychologists
mental processes such as "attention, language use, memory, perception, problem solving, creativity, and thinking."
27
forensic psychologists
intersection between psychology and the justice system
28
I/O psychologists
scientific study of human behavior in organizations and the work place.
29
neuropsychologists
specializes in understanding the relationship between the physical brain and behavior.
30
social psychologists
scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others.
31
sports psychologists
primarily teach athletes mental game skills to improve their performance and learning.
32
hindsight bias
"I knew it all along" we think we knew what was going to happen but we really didn't
33
operational definition
defining the variable of interest
34
descriptive research
basic, describe behavior
35
correlational research
relationship between variables
36
experimental research
determine cause and effect relationship
37
case study
detailed consideration is given to the development of a particular person. group, or person, over a period of time
38
self report
relies on the participant to record their own behaviors, thoughts, or feelings
39
observation
process of watching someone or something carefully in order to gain information
40
Correlation coefficient
statistical measure of a relationship
| tells the direction of the relationship (+ or -) and strength of relationship
41
Positive correlation
both variables move in the same direction
42
negative correlation
as one variable moves positively the other moves negatively (inverse)
43
Strength of relationship
closer to -1.00 and +1.00 means a STRONG and good prediction
44
Correlation does not imply causation
just because two things have a strong correlation, does not mean that one causes the other
45
Third Variable Problem
a 3rd variable that effects two other variables, making it seem like a cause and effect relationship
46
what makes an experiment different from a descriptive or correlational study
experiments manipulate factos of interest and hold other variables constant on purpose
47
Placebo Affect
when a patient believes that a treatment is working and so they feel a beneficial effect
48
difference between experimental and control groups
experimental groups receive the experiment and control groups just keep everything the same that they usually do
49
Random Assignment
how you group people within the experiment to make it so that there is NO bias
50
Double-Blind Study
used to eliminate bias, participate and experimenter don't know what group they are in (experimental or control)
51
Biological Psychology
the mind-body connection is explored through scientific research and clinical practice (thoughts, emotions, behaviors)
52
Neuron
special cells in brain and spinal cord, communicate with each other
53
Main types of neurons (3)
sensory: all senses
motor: help you move
interneurons: not specialized, chat with each other
54
Glial Cells
"Glue", support cells, 1/10th the size of a neuron, repair nuerons
55
action potential
occurs when a neuron sends information down an axon, away from the cell body. SPIKE or RISE in electrical activity
56
Threshold
when a neuron is stimulated to a certain level to tell it to start communicating with another neuron
57
nuerotransmitters
chemical messengers, bind onto receptor sites, tell the neuron to either send an excitatory or inhibitory message
58
serotonin
related to sleep, depression symptoms, mood
59
reuptake
process of the terminal button vacuuming up the neurotransmitters after they've sent their message onto the next receptor site
60
dopamine
pleasure feelings, player in schizophrenia (too much dopamine) and Parkinson's (not enough dopamine)
61
ach (acetylchlorine)
learning and memory, muscle contractions
62
Agonists
a drug that is similar enough to a receptor to simulate it
63
Antagonists
similar enough to fit onto the receptor, but not enough to simulate it
64
CNS
central nervous system. the brain and spinal cord
65
PNS
peripheral nervous system. the sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body
66
Endocrine System
interconnected with the nervous system, second communication system.
67
What chemical messengers does the endocrine system secrete?
HORMONES
68
EEG
electroencephalograph. Measures the basic electric activity in the brain
69
MRI and fMRI
Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Blood and oxygen flow
70
PET
Positron Emission Tomography. Glucose consumption (energy)
71
Endorphines
lessen pain and boost mood
72
brainstem
the oldest part and central core of the brain. responsible for automatic survival functions
73
Medulla
the base of the brainstem, controls heartbeat and breathing
74
Reticular formation
nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal
75
Thalamus
brains sensory switchboard, located on top of brainstem, directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
76
Cerebellum
"little brain" read of the brainstem. functions include some nonverbal learning, processing sensory input, and coordination movement output and balance
77
Hypothalamus
neural structure lying below the thalamus, directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temp), helps govern the endocrine system via pituitary gland, linked to emotion and reward
78
Amygdala
two lima bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system, linked to emotion
79
Cerebral cortex
thin surface layer of interconnected neural cells, contains 20 billion nerve cells and 300 trillion synaptic connections
80
Corpus Callosum
a broad band of nerve fibers joining the two hemispheres to the brain
81
left hemisphere
dominant in language, processing what you hear and handling most of the duties of speaking. carrying out logic and exact mathematical computations
82
Right hemisphere
spatial abilities, face recognition, processing music. rough estimates and comparisons, comprehend visual imagery, interpreting context and a persons tone
83
frontal lobe
speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgements
84
temporal lobe
includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite sex
85
parietal lobe
receives sensory input for touch and body position
86
occipital lobe
receive information from the visual fields
87
Phineas Gage
Had a metal rod go through his cheek bone and into his frontal lobe, Lived. showed that the frontal lobe of your brain isn't what keeps you alive
88
Behavioral genetics
the study of the relative power and limited of genetic and environmental influences on behavior
