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Psychology 101 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Consciousness

A

level of awareness of your environment and within you

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2
Q

selective attention

A

selecting what you focus on

ex) choosing to listen or not to listen to class

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3
Q

inattentional blindness

A

when you’re not paying attention

ex) gorilla video with people dancing around and gorilla appears and disappears

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4
Q

change blindness

A

when things in your environment change

ex) change of men behind desk video

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5
Q

dual processing

A

mechanisms your body goes through with or without you thinking about it

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6
Q

level of consciousness (blank) but consciousness is always (blank)

A

changes, working

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7
Q

Cocktail Party Effect

A

being able to focus one’s auditory attention on a particular stimulus while filtering out a range of other stimulus
ex) partygoers can focus on single conversation in loud room

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8
Q

Circadian Rhythm

A

Internal Clock, works in 24 hr cycle

body temp rises in morning to wake us and drops mid afternoon and drops at night to make us fall asleep

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9
Q

Why do we need sleep?

A

strengthens memory, increases concentration, boosts mood, moderates hunger and obesity, fortifies immune system, lessens risk of fatal accidents

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10
Q

Effects of Sleep Loss

A

obesity, difficulty concentrating (studying) diminished productivity, more mistakes, irritability, fatigue, hypertension, slow all around performance

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11
Q

Stage 1

A

transitional state: first dip into sleep, very brief, hallucinations (falling and floating)

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12
Q

Stage 2

A

sleep spindles: slightly deeper sleep, bursts of brain activity, twitching

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13
Q

Stage 3

A

slow-wave sleep: deep sleep, brain waves slow down, deep/slow breathing

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14
Q

Stage 4

A

slow-wave sleep

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15
Q

Stages 1-4

A

Non REM (rapid eye movement) sleep or quiet sleep

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16
Q

Stage 5

A

REM sleep/active sleep/paradoxical sleep: brain activity picks up, eye movement begins

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17
Q

Insomnia

A

recurring problems falling or staying asleep

can be caused by mood, anxiety, drugs

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18
Q

Narcolepsy

A

characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. Sufferer lapses straight into REM sleep, very short periods of sleep

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19
Q

Sleep Apnea

A

characterized by temporary cessations of breaking during sleep and repeated momentary awakening
snoring, snort at the end, temporarily stop breathing during sleep

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20
Q

Night Terrors

A

high arousal and an appearance of being terrified, occur in stage 4 sleep, seldom remembered, look awake but not awake

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21
Q

Sleep walking, talking, eating

A

can occur in any stage of sleep except REM not really a sleep disorder

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22
Q

Dream Theories

A

-Psychoanalytic: Dream to satisfy wishes
manifest (the remembered story line) and latent (underlying meaning of a dream)
- to file away memories
- to develop and preserve neural pathways
- activations: Synthesis theory: to make sense of neural static
- to reflect cognitive development

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23
Q

zygote

A

(conception to 2 weeks) fertilization, implantation, start of placenta

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24
Q

embryo

A

(week 3-8) arms, legs, face, organs, muscles all develop… heart begins beating

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25
Q

fetus

A

(9 week-birth) growth and finishing

26
Q

Piaget’s View of the infant/childs role of development

A

“children are active thinkers” they have “understandings” which are used to form schemas

27
Q

Schemas

A

clusters of knowledge, tool to help you ID things through life

28
Q

assimilation

A

when you encounter something brand new, use current knowledge to interpret new thing

29
Q

accommodation

A

creation of new schema or modify old schema

30
Q

Sensorimotor

A

(birth to two years)
build on reflexes (sensory and motor based)
object permanence (knowing things still hist after being hidden)

31
Q

Pre operational Stage

A

(2 to 6 years)
start symbolic thinking(understanding that objects are present in more than one form)
egocentrism: inability to see the world from a different point of view

32
Q

Concret Operacional Stage

A

(7 to 11 years)

conservation (ability to understand that just because the appearance changes, doesn’t mean the amount changes)

33
Q

Formal Operational Stage

A

(12 and up)
abstract and hypothetical thinking (helps with problem solving and planning for future)
scientific problem solving (step by step, systematic)

34
Q

attachment

A

an enduring emotional tie b/w two people (infant and caretaker) two way relationship that develops over time

35
Q

secure-base behavior

A

balance between seeking proximity and exploration

36
Q

Harlow’s Study with Monkeys

A

Found that monkeys chose comfort over food, they seeked the mommy that was comfortable over the mommy that fed them

37
Q

Authoritarian

A

parents impose rules and expect obedience. Their way or the highway. Very strict. Very high expectations

38
Q

Authoritative

A

balance between rule making and kids having a voice and reason

39
Q

Permissive

A

lack of rules, more friendship qualities, no boundaries

40
Q

sensation

A

process of detecting stimuli

41
Q

perception

A

interpreting the stimuli

42
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time

43
Q

Difference Threshold

A

minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection of the difference 50% of the time

44
Q

Subliminal Messages

A

Sending messages so fast that people don’t detect that they’re being sent – not enough to persuade you or brain wash you

45
Q

Priming

A

setting people up to think a certain way (kitten-werewolf study)

46
Q

sensory adaptation

A

idea that repeated exposure to stimuli makes you adapt and stop responding to it

47
Q

light wavelengths

A

Frequency perception of its hue. amplitude influences perception of its brightness

48
Q

Sound Wavelengths

A

strength/amplitude of sound waves determines their loudness. Frequency determine pitch

49
Q

Rods

A

retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray, necessary for peripheral and twilight vision. At edge of retina

50
Q

Cones

A

retinal receptors cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well lit conditions. The cones detect fine details and give rise to color sensations Allow us to see COLOR

51
Q

Optic Nerve

A

nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

52
Q

feature detectors

A

nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of a stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement

53
Q

outer ear

A

directs sound to the eardrum

54
Q

bones of middle ear

A

amplify sound

55
Q

inner ear (cochlea)

A

translates pressure waves into neural information that is sent to the brain

56
Q

How do we experience taste?

A

chemical sense. taste buds catch food chemicals and uses taste receptors cells

57
Q

How do we experience smell?

A

chemical sense. molecules of substance carried in air reach receptor cels at top of each nasal cavity

58
Q

sensory interaction

A

the principle that one sense may influence another

ex)smell of food affects that taste

59
Q

Do expectations play a role in sensations and perceptions?

A

Yes. expectations altar tor ability to detect things

ex) if you’re looking for an exact thing you’re more likely to find it

60
Q

Perceptual set

A

a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another
ex) rat/man illusion

Psychology 101 (4 decks)

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