Exam 4 Flashcards
Histology
the study of the microscopic structure of tissues
Name the types of epithelial tissues
cuboidal, columnar, squamous, pseudostratified ciliated columnar
Function and location of simple squamous epithelial
F: potection
L: peritoneum, pleural membranes, blood vessel linings
Function and location of stratified squamous epithelial
F: protection, secretion
L: epidermis/ outer layer of skin
Function and location of cuboidal epithelial
F: secretion
L: thyroid, pancreas, salivary glands
Function and location of columnar epithelial
F: absorption (goblet cells - secretion, cilia move mucus upward - trachea, bronchial tubes, fallopian tubes)
L: stomach, intestine, digestive system linings
Function and location of pseudostratified ciliated columnar
F: secretion
L: trachea central cavity
Name the main types of connective tissues
bone, loose connective tissue (connective tissue proper), cartilage, blood and lymph
Name the types of loose connective tissue aka connective tissue proper
areolar, adipose, dense (fibrous) connective/regular
Name the types of cartilage
hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
Name the types of blood and lymph
erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes
Function and location of areolar
F: holds skin to body, support/strength
L: organs, blood vessel linings, skin
Function and location of adipose
F: insulates, cushions
L: under skin, around kidneys, around eye sockets, etc
Function and location of dense (fibrous) connective/reg
F: connect bone to bone & bone to muscle
L: ligaments and tendons
Function of bone
F: intracellular matrix contains CaCO3 & phosphate (RBCs&WBCs)
Function and location of hyaline cartilage
F: support, reinforcement, connection
L: bone ends, nose, ribs to sternum, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes
- articular, costal, skeletal, embryological
Function and location of elastic cartilage
F: flexible support/strength, reinforcement
L: external ear, Eustacian tubs, larynx
Function and location of fibrocartilage
F: support, connection, protection
L: invertebral discs btwn vertebrae, pubic symphisis, joints
Function of erythrocytes
F: nonnucleated, carries O2 via hemoglobin
Function of leukocytes
F: immune responses, lysosome packed
Function of thrombocytes
F: blood clotting, wound healing
Basement membrane
a thin, delicate membrane of protein fibers and sugars separating epithelium from underlying tissue
Matrix
the intercellular substance of a tissue, as bone matrix, or the tissue from which a structure develops, as hair or nail matrix
Erythrocytes
aka red blood cells; carries O2 via hemoglobin
Leukocytes
aka white blood cells; function in immune responses
Thrombocyte
aka platelets; functions in blood clotting
Hematocrit
the ratio of blood volume that is occupied by RBCs, usually expressed as a % of the total blood volume
Fibroblast
a cell that manufactures and maintains connective tissue
Chondroblast
dividing cell of growing cartilage tissue, important in bone growth
Osteoblast
the bone forming cells responsible for bone growth, ossification, and regeneration; doesn’t divide
Action potential
the change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell
Dendrite
a short branched extension of a nerve cell, along which impulses received from other cells at synapses are transmitted to the cell body
Synapse
a junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a minute gap across which impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter
Axon
the long threadlike part of a nerve cell along which impulses are conducted from the cell body to other cells
The function of neurons and the three parts
- generate and conduct electrical impulses
- cell body: main part of the cell, has the nucleus & most of the cytoplasm and organelles
dendrites: small slender extensions of the cell body, receive incoming info
axon: long slender extension, specialized to conduct electrical impulses away from the cell body
Plasma
- One of the parts of the blood, the matrix
- Composed of water, nutrients, salts, hormones
Haversian canal system
the minute tubes that form a network in bone and contain blood vessels; used for communication
Name the types of muscle tissue
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
Function and location of skeletal muscle tissue
F: movement
L: voluntary, attached to bones (striations, multiple nuclei)
Function and location of cardiac muscle tissue
F: Blood circulation
L: heart (striated, single nuclei, branching w connections via intercalated discs)
Function and location of smooth muscle tissue
F: peristaltic action, internal organ movement
L: involuntary, walls of tubular organs (single nuclei, tapering at ends)
Intercalated discs
connects cardiac muscle cells to work as a functional organ (in sync)
Signal transduction
a set of chemical reactions in a cell that occurs when a molecule, such as a hormone, attaches to a receptor on a cell membrane; biochemical cascade
Function and location of nervous tissue
F: stimuli reception, transmission, interpretation and coordination of nerve impulses
L: CNS and PNS
Myosin
thick filament; composed of two twisted protein strands with globular parts called cross- bridges projecting outward along their lengths
Actin
thin filament; has globular structures with a binding site to which the myosin cross- bridge can attach
Sarcoplasmic recticulum
Stores and releases calcium surrounds myofibril
Sacromere
Contractile unit of muscle fiber
Systole
- contraction of the ventricles
- open - semi-lunar valves
Diastole
- atria conract
- open - Bi & tricuspid valves
Sinoatrial node
aka SA node; a small body of specialized muscle tissue in the wall of the right atrium of the heart that acts as a pacemaker by producing a contractile signal at regular intervals
Atrioventricular node
aka AV node; serves as an electrical relay station, slowing the electrical current sent by the SA node before the signal is permitted to pass down through to the ventricles
Myelin sheath
insulating envelope of myelin that surrounds the core of a nerve fiber or axon; facilitates the transmission of nerve impulses
Efferent vs. Afferent pathways
Efferent pathways carry signals away from the CNS; essentially, signals your brains sends to parts of your body. Afferent neurons bring stimuli to the brain, where the signal is integrated and processed; as a result, the brain then coordinates via efferent signals back to the rest of the body
Reflex arc
the nerve pathway involved in a reflex action including at its simplest a sensory nerve and a motor nerve with a synapse between
Saltatory conduction
increases the conduction velocity of action potentials as it passes from one node of Ranvier to the next
