Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 102 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Plantae

A
  • Kingdom (1/6)
  • Eukaryotic, autotrophic
  • Name at least one phylum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Charophyte

A

closest relative of land plants; green algae, autotrophic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Stomata

A

Pores in the epidermis of plants (leaf, stem, etc) that allow for gas exchange; covered by guard cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Vascular tissue

A

Only in plants, mean they contain xylem (H2O) and phloem (sucrose) transportation
- allows them to grow upward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Xylem

A

Part of the vascular bundles, transports water and minerals. Technically dead, these structures are hollow and composed of tracheids and vessel members.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Phloem

A

Part of the vascular bundles, transports photosynthates (sugars like sucrose). Composed of companion cells and sieve tubes and is technically alive.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Lignin

A

Lignin forms important structural materials in vascular plants and some algae. Lignins are particularly important in the formation of cell walls, especially in wood and bark, because they lend rigidity and do not rot easily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Sporophyte

A

Diploid sporophytes produce haploid (n) spores via meiosis. Dominant phase in vascular plants like gymnosperms and angiosperms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Abscisic acid

A

Plant hormone; play roles in seed & bud dormancy (shipping), water-loss regulation, and seed storage protein synthesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Ethylene (gas)

A

Plant hormone; induces aging responses by increasing aerobic respiration (used for fruits in markets to ripen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cytokinins

A

Plant hormone; used for cell division, root and shoot meristems, maturing fruit, extension of cut flower shelf life (deterioration with age)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Double fertilization

A

2 sperm, 1 egg; produces the embryo as well as the food for the embryo (advantageous adaptation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Fertilization vs. Pollination

A

Fertilization is the union of the egg & sperm (zygote), water needed and at the same place; pollination is when the sperm goes to the reproductive female structure, no need for water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Auxins

A

Plant hormone; stem lengthening, gravity and light responses, natural herbicides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Corolla

A

petals cumulatively

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Calyx

A

Sepals cumulatively

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Gibberellins

A

Plant hormone; used in flowering, BREAKING dormancy, stem lengthening, control of ripening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Gravitropism

A

stimulus is gravity; natural phenomenon in plants in response to changing environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Phototropism

A

Stimulus is light; natural phenomenon in plants in response to changing environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Thigmotropism

A

stimulus is contact with an object; natural phenomenon in plants in response to changing environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Transpiration

A

The loss of water in plants through evaporation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Androcium

A

Androcium => stamen (anthers + filaments); male reproductive structure (cumulatively) in plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Gyonecium

A

Pistils/carpels (stigmas, styles, and ovaries); female reproductive structure (cumulatively) in plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Petiole

A

Leaf in plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Fruit

A

mature ovary with surrounding nutritive tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Seed

A

Mature ovule with a protective coat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Gametophyte

A

Haploid reproductive structure, produces haploid gametes through mitosis. Plants dominant in this phase are nonvascular like Bryophytes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Pollen

A

haploid sperm produces by plants to take part in pollination, where they are taken to the female reproductive structures.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Alternation of Generations

A

cycle between haploid (n) and diploid (2n) stages of reproduction in plants
- sporophyte dominant in most, except bryophytes (nonvascular) which are gametophyte dominant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Flower

A

Reproductive structure in flowering plants, place where gametes are

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Bryophyte

A

Mosses; seedless nonvascular plants

- lack xylem and phloem (nonvascular)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Gymnosperm

A

Seed bearing vascular plants; survives harsh environment, terpenes, thick cuticle, pollen for reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Cones

A

also called strobilus, contains reproductive organs of certain nonflowering plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Ovules

A

plant structure that develops into a seed when fertilized; in gymnosperms (coniferophyta) the ovules lie uncovered on the scales of the cone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Angiosperm

A

Seed bearing vascular, DOUBLE FERTILIZAION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Eudicot

A

2 cotyledons, petals (4,5,8,10), taproot, stem in ring, root with +, netted leaves, 3 pollen grain pores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Monocot

A

1 cotyledon, petals (3,6,9), fibrous root, stem scattered, root with ring and pith, parallel leaf veins, 1 pollen grain pore

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Coevolution

A

The process that occurs when two species influence each other during evolution; ex: an insect may evolve specialized parts that allow it to feed on a specific flower, whereas the flower evolves to facilitate pollination by that particular insect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Shoot

A

the production center for a plant; gives rise to stems, leaves, and flowers, the shoot system is functionally responsible for food production and reproduction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Stem

A

main axial system of a plant, developed from the embryo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Leaves

A

structure attached to a stem and functions in photosynthesis and transpiration in most plants

42
Q

Herbaceous

A

plant that has a stem that, in the winter dies, and goes back into the ground (not woody)

43
Q

Woody plants

A

Stem remains above ground during the winter (dies)

44
Q

Cuticle

A

Waxy layer excreted by the epidermis in plants for protection against water-loss and infectious parasites

45
Q

Microspores

A

smaller spore produced by sporophytes and develop into male gametophyte

46
Q

Megaspores

A

larger spore produced in plants, develops into a female gametophyte

47
Q

Cork cambian

A

gives rise to the inner phelloderm (thin tissue layer separating the cork cambian from the secondary phloem) and outer phellem/cork

48
Q

Style

A

It is a long, slender stalk that connects the stigma and the ovary; female rep. structure within the pistil

49
Q

ovary

A

female rep. strucutre within the pistil; holds the ovules

50
Q

Stigma

A

pollen-receptive surface of a carpel or group of fused carpels, usually sticky

51
Q

Stamen

A

composed of the anther and filament, it is cumulatively the male rep structure in flowering plants

52
Q

Endosperm

A

nutritive tissue surrounding the embryo within seeds of flowering plants

53
Q

Anther

A

pollen-bearing part at the upper end of the stamen of a flower; most anthers occur at the tip of the filament

54
Q

Carpel

A

aka “pistil;” composed of the stigma, style, and ovary in flowering plants

55
Q

Gametes

A

produced by meiosis, haploid; made by gametophytes in plants; egg or sperm cells

56
Q

Receptacle

A

The main stem of a flower; in ferns, a main stem on which sporangia arise

57
Q

Sepals

A

separate, green parts that surround and protect the flower bud and extend from the base of a flower after it has opened

58
Q

Petal

A

modified leaves that surround the reproductive parts of flowers, often brightly colored or unusually shaped to attract pollinators; cumulatively corolla

59
Q

Spore

A

Haploid asexual reproductive structures that undergo mitosis and eventually become gametophytes; produced by sporophytes

60
Q

Zygote

A

cell formed by the union of a sperm cell and an egg cell in fertilization; zygote develops into the embryo following the instruction encoded in its DNA

61
Q

Describe the difference between a source and a sink when pertaining to the phloem

A

Sugar moves through phloem in plants. It moves from a source cell, where sugar is made through photosynthesis, to a sink cell, where the sugar is used

62
Q

Turgor pressure

A

Water pressure in each cell that holds plant up (provided by osmosis), low pressure causes wilting

63
Q

Apoplast

A

apoplastic route allows the transport of water and solutes across the plasma membrane; the free diffusional space

64
Q

Concentration gradient

A

the process of particles moving through a solution or gas from an area with a higher concentration of solute to an area of lower concentration of solute; usually separated by a membrane

65
Q

Cohesion

A

the sticking together of alike molecules, such as water molecule being attracted to another water molecule, greater than adhesion

66
Q

Adhesion

A

force of attraction between unlike molecules, or the attraction between the surfaces of contacting bodies

67
Q

Cohesion-tension theory

A

water transport; water follows its potential moving from wet areas to dry areas; transpiration in stomata of leaves creates an upward flow due to tension; cohesion > adhesion

68
Q

Pressure-flow theory

A

nutrient transport; driven by pressure gradients; translocation: movement of sugars from a high pressure sources to a low pressure sink; via apoplastic phloem loading; sucrose concentrations ^, decreasing cellular water potential (cohesion-tension theory)

69
Q

Pericycle

A

lateral roots

70
Q

Sapwood vs. Heartwood

A

sapwood is the living, outermost portion of a woody stem, while heartwood is the dead, inner wood, often comprises the majority of a stem’s cross-section

71
Q

Casparian strip

A

allows the plant to regulate what moves through the apoplast, cell walls cannot regulate material, only the plasma membrane can; suberin

72
Q

root hairs

A

break surface tension of the water in the soil and increases surface area for absorption of minerals and water

73
Q

Endodermis

A

Innermost cells of cortex

74
Q

Bark

A

Living tissues of the tree trunk; patterns develop from differences in the rate of initiation of cork cambium and rate of expansion of the vascular cambium

75
Q

Roots

A

Underground multicellular growth for water and nutrient uptake

76
Q

Adventitious roots

A

Originate from stems and leaves; roots form from the stem of plants for support

77
Q

Nodes

A

Leaves and axillary meristems form here

78
Q

Internode

A

The stem in between nodes

79
Q

Axillary bud

A

A bud that grows from the axil of a leaf and may develop into a branch or flower cluster

80
Q

Sclerenchyma

A

Ground cell type; hard tissue often dead at maturity; thick lignified secondary walls composed of sclereids and fibers

81
Q

Parenchyma

A

Ground cell type; simple tissues; thin-walled, living

82
Q

Apical meristem

A

Meristem at the apex of the shoot or root; where proliferation occurs at the apex of the shoot or root

83
Q

Meristem

A

Area of undifferentiated cells that divides to produce the new cells to build the plant body

84
Q

Primary growth

A

Growth from the apical meristem; results in growth primarily in the length of plants

85
Q

Lateral meristem

A

increases WIDTH of stems; responsible for secondary growth

86
Q

Secondary growth

A

Results in the growth in girth of some plants that is produced by vascular and cork cambium

87
Q

Ground tissue

A

makes up the corex

88
Q

Collenchyma

A

Ground cell type; spongy tissue in stems and leaves; living and unevenly thickened, nonlignified

89
Q

Fibers

A

narrow, elongated, and thick-walled cell, one of the components of sclerenchyma tissue

90
Q

Sclereids

A

reduced form of sclerenchyma cells with highly thickened, lignified cellular walls that form small bundles of durable layers of tissue in most plants; form the cores of apples

91
Q

Tracheids

A

one of the main components of the xylem (other is vessel members)

92
Q

Vessel elements

A

aka vessel members; one of the main components of the xylem (other is tracheids)

93
Q

Sieve tubes

A

one of the main components of the phloem (other is companion cells)

94
Q

Companion cells

A

one of the main components of the phloem (other is sieve tubes); provides support and attachments

95
Q

Dermal tissues

A

epidermis (cuticle and guard cells)

96
Q

Epidermis

A

outermost layer (other than the cutlice) that provides regulation with stomata and guard cells

97
Q

Guard cell

A

regulates gas exchange through epidermis, two parts; stomata

98
Q

vascular bundle

A

part of the transport system in vascular plants, composed of xylem and phloem (pericycle)

99
Q

taproot

A

deeper than the fibrous root system in monocots

100
Q

Fibrous root system

A

less deep, more shallow root system in plants compared to to the taproot system in dicots

101
Q

Mesophyll

A

tissues of a leaf that are located in between the layers of epidermis and carry on photosynthesis, consisting of the palisade layer, spongy parenchyma, and chloroplasts

Biology 102 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions