Exam 2 Flashcards
Plantae
- Kingdom (1/6)
- Eukaryotic, autotrophic
- Name at least one phylum
Charophyte
closest relative of land plants; green algae, autotrophic
Stomata
Pores in the epidermis of plants (leaf, stem, etc) that allow for gas exchange; covered by guard cells
Vascular tissue
Only in plants, mean they contain xylem (H2O) and phloem (sucrose) transportation
- allows them to grow upward
Xylem
Part of the vascular bundles, transports water and minerals. Technically dead, these structures are hollow and composed of tracheids and vessel members.
Phloem
Part of the vascular bundles, transports photosynthates (sugars like sucrose). Composed of companion cells and sieve tubes and is technically alive.
Lignin
Lignin forms important structural materials in vascular plants and some algae. Lignins are particularly important in the formation of cell walls, especially in wood and bark, because they lend rigidity and do not rot easily
Sporophyte
Diploid sporophytes produce haploid (n) spores via meiosis. Dominant phase in vascular plants like gymnosperms and angiosperms.
Abscisic acid
Plant hormone; play roles in seed & bud dormancy (shipping), water-loss regulation, and seed storage protein synthesis.
Ethylene (gas)
Plant hormone; induces aging responses by increasing aerobic respiration (used for fruits in markets to ripen)
Cytokinins
Plant hormone; used for cell division, root and shoot meristems, maturing fruit, extension of cut flower shelf life (deterioration with age)
Double fertilization
2 sperm, 1 egg; produces the embryo as well as the food for the embryo (advantageous adaptation)
Fertilization vs. Pollination
Fertilization is the union of the egg & sperm (zygote), water needed and at the same place; pollination is when the sperm goes to the reproductive female structure, no need for water.
Auxins
Plant hormone; stem lengthening, gravity and light responses, natural herbicides
Corolla
petals cumulatively
Calyx
Sepals cumulatively
Gibberellins
Plant hormone; used in flowering, BREAKING dormancy, stem lengthening, control of ripening
Gravitropism
stimulus is gravity; natural phenomenon in plants in response to changing environments
Phototropism
Stimulus is light; natural phenomenon in plants in response to changing environments
Thigmotropism
stimulus is contact with an object; natural phenomenon in plants in response to changing environments
Transpiration
The loss of water in plants through evaporation
Androcium
Androcium => stamen (anthers + filaments); male reproductive structure (cumulatively) in plants
Gyonecium
Pistils/carpels (stigmas, styles, and ovaries); female reproductive structure (cumulatively) in plants
Petiole
Leaf in plants
Fruit
mature ovary with surrounding nutritive tissue
Seed
Mature ovule with a protective coat
Gametophyte
Haploid reproductive structure, produces haploid gametes through mitosis. Plants dominant in this phase are nonvascular like Bryophytes.
Pollen
haploid sperm produces by plants to take part in pollination, where they are taken to the female reproductive structures.
Alternation of Generations
cycle between haploid (n) and diploid (2n) stages of reproduction in plants
- sporophyte dominant in most, except bryophytes (nonvascular) which are gametophyte dominant
Flower
Reproductive structure in flowering plants, place where gametes are
Bryophyte
Mosses; seedless nonvascular plants
- lack xylem and phloem (nonvascular)
Gymnosperm
Seed bearing vascular plants; survives harsh environment, terpenes, thick cuticle, pollen for reproduction
Cones
also called strobilus, contains reproductive organs of certain nonflowering plants
Ovules
plant structure that develops into a seed when fertilized; in gymnosperms (coniferophyta) the ovules lie uncovered on the scales of the cone.
Angiosperm
Seed bearing vascular, DOUBLE FERTILIZAION
Eudicot
2 cotyledons, petals (4,5,8,10), taproot, stem in ring, root with +, netted leaves, 3 pollen grain pores
Monocot
1 cotyledon, petals (3,6,9), fibrous root, stem scattered, root with ring and pith, parallel leaf veins, 1 pollen grain pore
Coevolution
The process that occurs when two species influence each other during evolution; ex: an insect may evolve specialized parts that allow it to feed on a specific flower, whereas the flower evolves to facilitate pollination by that particular insect
Shoot
the production center for a plant; gives rise to stems, leaves, and flowers, the shoot system is functionally responsible for food production and reproduction.
Stem
main axial system of a plant, developed from the embryo
Leaves
structure attached to a stem and functions in photosynthesis and transpiration in most plants
Herbaceous
plant that has a stem that, in the winter dies, and goes back into the ground (not woody)
Woody plants
Stem remains above ground during the winter (dies)
Cuticle
Waxy layer excreted by the epidermis in plants for protection against water-loss and infectious parasites
Microspores
smaller spore produced by sporophytes and develop into male gametophyte
Megaspores
larger spore produced in plants, develops into a female gametophyte
Cork cambian
gives rise to the inner phelloderm (thin tissue layer separating the cork cambian from the secondary phloem) and outer phellem/cork
Style
It is a long, slender stalk that connects the stigma and the ovary; female rep. structure within the pistil
ovary
female rep. strucutre within the pistil; holds the ovules
Stigma
pollen-receptive surface of a carpel or group of fused carpels, usually sticky
Stamen
composed of the anther and filament, it is cumulatively the male rep structure in flowering plants
Endosperm
nutritive tissue surrounding the embryo within seeds of flowering plants
Anther
pollen-bearing part at the upper end of the stamen of a flower; most anthers occur at the tip of the filament
Carpel
aka “pistil;” composed of the stigma, style, and ovary in flowering plants
Gametes
produced by meiosis, haploid; made by gametophytes in plants; egg or sperm cells
Receptacle
The main stem of a flower; in ferns, a main stem on which sporangia arise
Sepals
separate, green parts that surround and protect the flower bud and extend from the base of a flower after it has opened
Petal
modified leaves that surround the reproductive parts of flowers, often brightly colored or unusually shaped to attract pollinators; cumulatively corolla
Spore
Haploid asexual reproductive structures that undergo mitosis and eventually become gametophytes; produced by sporophytes
Zygote
cell formed by the union of a sperm cell and an egg cell in fertilization; zygote develops into the embryo following the instruction encoded in its DNA
Describe the difference between a source and a sink when pertaining to the phloem
Sugar moves through phloem in plants. It moves from a source cell, where sugar is made through photosynthesis, to a sink cell, where the sugar is used
Turgor pressure
Water pressure in each cell that holds plant up (provided by osmosis), low pressure causes wilting
Apoplast
apoplastic route allows the transport of water and solutes across the plasma membrane; the free diffusional space
Concentration gradient
the process of particles moving through a solution or gas from an area with a higher concentration of solute to an area of lower concentration of solute; usually separated by a membrane
Cohesion
the sticking together of alike molecules, such as water molecule being attracted to another water molecule, greater than adhesion
Adhesion
force of attraction between unlike molecules, or the attraction between the surfaces of contacting bodies
Cohesion-tension theory
water transport; water follows its potential moving from wet areas to dry areas; transpiration in stomata of leaves creates an upward flow due to tension; cohesion > adhesion
Pressure-flow theory
nutrient transport; driven by pressure gradients; translocation: movement of sugars from a high pressure sources to a low pressure sink; via apoplastic phloem loading; sucrose concentrations ^, decreasing cellular water potential (cohesion-tension theory)
Pericycle
lateral roots
Sapwood vs. Heartwood
sapwood is the living, outermost portion of a woody stem, while heartwood is the dead, inner wood, often comprises the majority of a stem’s cross-section
Casparian strip
allows the plant to regulate what moves through the apoplast, cell walls cannot regulate material, only the plasma membrane can; suberin
root hairs
break surface tension of the water in the soil and increases surface area for absorption of minerals and water
Endodermis
Innermost cells of cortex
Bark
Living tissues of the tree trunk; patterns develop from differences in the rate of initiation of cork cambium and rate of expansion of the vascular cambium
Roots
Underground multicellular growth for water and nutrient uptake
Adventitious roots
Originate from stems and leaves; roots form from the stem of plants for support
Nodes
Leaves and axillary meristems form here
Internode
The stem in between nodes
Axillary bud
A bud that grows from the axil of a leaf and may develop into a branch or flower cluster
Sclerenchyma
Ground cell type; hard tissue often dead at maturity; thick lignified secondary walls composed of sclereids and fibers
Parenchyma
Ground cell type; simple tissues; thin-walled, living
Apical meristem
Meristem at the apex of the shoot or root; where proliferation occurs at the apex of the shoot or root
Meristem
Area of undifferentiated cells that divides to produce the new cells to build the plant body
Primary growth
Growth from the apical meristem; results in growth primarily in the length of plants
Lateral meristem
increases WIDTH of stems; responsible for secondary growth
Secondary growth
Results in the growth in girth of some plants that is produced by vascular and cork cambium
Ground tissue
makes up the corex
Collenchyma
Ground cell type; spongy tissue in stems and leaves; living and unevenly thickened, nonlignified
Fibers
narrow, elongated, and thick-walled cell, one of the components of sclerenchyma tissue
Sclereids
reduced form of sclerenchyma cells with highly thickened, lignified cellular walls that form small bundles of durable layers of tissue in most plants; form the cores of apples
Tracheids
one of the main components of the xylem (other is vessel members)
Vessel elements
aka vessel members; one of the main components of the xylem (other is tracheids)
Sieve tubes
one of the main components of the phloem (other is companion cells)
Companion cells
one of the main components of the phloem (other is sieve tubes); provides support and attachments
Dermal tissues
epidermis (cuticle and guard cells)
Epidermis
outermost layer (other than the cutlice) that provides regulation with stomata and guard cells
Guard cell
regulates gas exchange through epidermis, two parts; stomata
vascular bundle
part of the transport system in vascular plants, composed of xylem and phloem (pericycle)
taproot
deeper than the fibrous root system in monocots
Fibrous root system
less deep, more shallow root system in plants compared to to the taproot system in dicots
Mesophyll
tissues of a leaf that are located in between the layers of epidermis and carry on photosynthesis, consisting of the palisade layer, spongy parenchyma, and chloroplasts
