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Biology 102 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Evolution

A

Changes in allelic frequencies in a population over time

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2
Q

Miller-Urey experiment

A
  • Experiment designed to prove the origin of life from inorganic compounds
  • Miller took methane, ammonia, hydrogen, and water, molecules believed to represent the major components of Earth’s early atmosphere and placed them in a closed system
  • He ran continuous electric currents through the system, designed to imitate lightening storms
  • At the end of the week, Miller observed 10-15% of the carbon converted into organic compounds, 2% amino acids
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3
Q

Character Displacement

A

Evolutionary divergence when two similar species inhabit the same environment, but one adapts (behavioral, physical) to reduce their competitive pressures for resources, increasing their chance for survival.

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4
Q

Abiotic Selective Pressures

A

Nonliving pressures (ex. temperature) in the environment that affect the survival of organisms in a population

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5
Q

Phylogenetic Species Concept

A

species with a parental pattern of ancestry and descent

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6
Q

Photo & Chemo-autotroph

A
  • an organism that gets energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds.
  • an organism that gets energy from photosynthesis
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7
Q

Decomposer

A

an organism, like a fungus, that decomposes organic material, usually decaying matter

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8
Q

Intron

A

a segment of DNA or RNA that does not code for proteins and interrupts the sequence of genes

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9
Q

Transduction

A

transfer of genetic material from one cell to another using bacteria viruses and does not require direct contact.

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10
Q

Lytic Virus

A

a virus with a reproductive cycle in which copies of a virus are made within the host cell, which then bursts open, releasing new viruses

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11
Q

Vaccine

A

biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease, often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe

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12
Q

Conjugation pilus

A

protein structure that extends from the bacterial cell used used to attach to other cells and facilitate DNA transfer

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13
Q

Coccus

A

circular shaped bacteria

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14
Q

Pathogen

A

a bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease

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15
Q

Hyphae

A

the main body of a fungus (singular)

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16
Q

Spore

A

reproductive structure in fungi, either sexual or asexual

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17
Q

Fruiting body

A

the main part of the fungus above ground, produces spores

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18
Q

Endosymbiont Theory

A

theory on how mitochondria and chloroplasts could have been ingested by bacteria and become dependent on one another for survival, resulting in a permanent relationship

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19
Q

Adaptive Radiation

A

a process in which organisms diversify rapidly into a multitude of new forms, particularly when a change in the environment makes new resources available

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20
Q

Natural Selection

A

one of the basic mechanisms of evolution based on changes in allelic frequencies, where adaptive and dominant species survive

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21
Q

Species

A

genus and the specific epithet

22
Q

Eukaryote

A

has nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

23
Q

Prokaryote

A

does not possess a nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelles

24
Q

Photo- and Chemo-hetetroph

A
  • photoheterotrophs use light for energy but cannot use CO2 as its sole carbon source so it must use organic compounds from the environment.
  • chemoheterotroph obtain energy by the oxidation of electron donors in their environments
25
Q

Nitrogen Cycle

A

circulation of nitrogen in nature, consisting of a cycle of chemical reactions in which nitrogen from the atmosphere is fixed in compounds in soil or water

26
Q

Exon

A

a segment of a DNA or RNA molecule that codes for a protein or peptide sequence

27
Q

Transformation

A

process where genetic material in the form of “naked” DNA is transferred between microbial cells

28
Q

Lysogenic Virus

A

kind of virus where it incorporates its genetic material into the host genome; unlike lytic, doesn’t kill the cell

29
Q

Bacteriophage

A

virus that infects and replicates within a bacteria

30
Q

Alternation of Generations

A

life cycle in fungi that includes both diploid and haploid multicellular stages, producing both spores and gametes

31
Q

Gram Stain

A

technique in lab used to identify certain characteristics in bacteria cell walls, like how thick the cell wall is

32
Q

Bacillus

A

rod shaped bacterium

33
Q

Mycelium

A

main body of a fungi (plural)

34
Q

Endospore

A

an extremely resistant dormant cell structure produced by some bacterial species that will survive even when the cell is destroyed

35
Q

Ascomycota

A

fungi phylum ex: yeast

36
Q

RNA World

A

RNA molecules are hypothesised to have been the precursors to all current life on Earth due to its self-replicating characteristic

37
Q

Niche Diversification

A

principle of ecology that says no two species can occupy exactly the same niche within the environment (and survive)

38
Q

Biotic Selective Pressures

A

living pressures (ex. predators) in the environment that affect the survival of organisms in a population

39
Q

Biological Species Concept

A

a species, members of populations, that actually or potentially interbreed in nature, not according to appearance

40
Q

Saprobe

A

an organism, usually a fungus, that feeds on dead or decaying organic matter

41
Q

Prion

A

nonliving disease causing agent made entirely of proteins, no DNA or RNA

42
Q

Conjugation

A

in unicellular organisms, a form of sexual reproduction where two cells join in temporary union to transfer genetic material

43
Q

Prokaryotic Fission

A

aka binary fission, form of asexual reproduction and cell division used by all prokaryotes to produce 2 cells

44
Q

Retro Virus

A

composed of RNA; have an enzyme called reverse transcriptase, gives them the unique ability to transcribe their RNA into DNA after entering a cell; retroviral DNA can then integrate into the chromosomal DNA of the host cell, to be expressed ex: HIV

45
Q

Plasmid

A

extrachromosomal organelle in some bacteria that help bacteria spread resistance to antibiotics

46
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

found in the cell walls of bacteria, stacked on top of each other and cross-linked for extra support for the cell

47
Q

Spirillum

A

spiral shaped bacteria

48
Q

Dikaryotic

A

cells with a pair of compatible nuclei, working together

49
Q

Chitin

A

found in the cell walls of fungi for structural support

50
Q

Conidia

A

sexual, non-motile spores of a fungus

51
Q

Zygomycota

A

fungi phylum, ex: bread molds

Biology 102 (4 decks)

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