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A&P 2 > exam 4 > Flashcards

exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

____ is all chemical reactions that occur in the body

A

metabolism

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2
Q

____ is the breaking down of all substances

A

catabolism

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3
Q

___ = synthesis

A

Anabolism

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4
Q

____ provides energy needed for homeostasis

A

metabolism

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5
Q

In the process of ____, cells continually break down and replace all their organic compounds except DNA

A

metabolic turnover

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6
Q

All of the cell’s organic building blocks form a ____ - an accessible reserve of organic substances that can be used for metabolic turnover or energy production

A

nutrient pool

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7
Q

Generation of ATP comes from the breakdown of ____

A

carbohydrates

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8
Q

____ is mitochondrial activity that is responsible for ATP production (Aerobic, Anaerobic)

A

Cellular respiration

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9
Q

____ is the process of producing cellular energy involving oxygen

A

Aerobic

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10
Q

___ is the process of producing cellular energy without oxygen

A

anaerobic

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11
Q

____ occurs in the cytoplasm. The desired outcome is 2 pyruvic acid. 4 ATP are produced, 2 NADH are produced

A

glycolysis

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12
Q

____ occurs in the mitochondria. The desired outcome is NADH and FADH. 2 ATP are produced, 6 NADH and 2 FADH are produced

A

Citric Acid Cycle

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13
Q

____ occurs in the mitochondrial membrane. The desired outcome is lots of ATP. 34 ATP are produced/used. No NADH and FADH.

A

Electron transport chain

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14
Q

The total number of ATP molecules produced per molecule of glucose metabolized is ____

A

36

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15
Q

Can your body burn amino acids and lipids for fuel? Answer:____

A

yes

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16
Q

The potentially harmful byproducts of fatty acid (lipids) to glucose is ___

A

keytones

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17
Q

The potentially harmful byproducts of amino acids to glucose is ___

A

ammonia

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18
Q

____ is considered “bad cholesterol” because it has less protein, more fat. Liver creates this in order to transport lipid to tissue for deposition-depositing fat to tissues; too much fat-depositing things inappropriately.

A

LDL

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19
Q

____ is considered “good cholesterol” because it has less fat –> made by liver to go to tissues to grab lipids to bring back so you can burn them for fuel

A

HDL

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20
Q

The most abundant extracellular ion in the body is ___ sodium anion-chloride

A

Cation

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21
Q

The most abundant intracellular ion in the body is ___ potassium anion-hydrogen phosphate

A

cation

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22
Q

___ is essential for normal muscle, neuron function, and normal bone structure

A

calcium

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23
Q

___ is stored in liver and adipose–need fat with vitamin so you can dissolve–lipid helps transport across membrane

A

Fat soluble

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24
Q

___ is filtered in kidneys and is excreted

A

water soluble

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25
Q

Vitamins A,D,E,K and iron are ___ soluble

A

fat

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26
Q

Vitamins B & C are ___ soluble

A

water

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27
Q

The function of Vitamin ___ is for vision, is required to maintain epithelium, required for synthesis of visual pigments, supports immune system, promotes growth and bone remodeling

A

A

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28
Q

The function of Vitamin ___ =required for normal bone growth, intestinal calcium, phosphorus absorption, and retention of these ions at the kidneys. You get this from sunshine (UV light)

A

D

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29
Q

Heart disease, cancer, and stroke are the ____ in the U.S. each year

A

leading causes of death

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30
Q

___ is crushing, grinding, shearing to increase surface area and to mix with enzymes

A

mechanical processing

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31
Q

___ is the chemical breakdown of food using digestive enzymes

A

digestion

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32
Q

____=water, acids, enzymes, buffers, salts

A

secretion

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33
Q

___ is the act of taking food and drink into the body by the mouth.

A

Ingestion

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34
Q

____ is the process of by which nutrient molecules pass through the wall of your digestive system onto your blood

A

absorption

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35
Q

____ is eliminating waste from the body

A

excretion

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36
Q

___ is the inner lining of the GI tract with lots of mucus and some areolar CT. The epithelium of this varies from simple columnar to stratified squamous.

A

Mucosa

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37
Q

The lining of the ___ is folded to increase surface area

A

GI tract

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38
Q

The ___ is composed of dense irregular CT. It contains blood vessels and lymphatics.

A

Submucosa

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39
Q

The ____ plexus= sensory nerves, parasympathetic, sympathetic

A

submucosal

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40
Q

The ___ has smooth muscle arranged in two layers. It has circular and longitudinal layers of muscle. It plays an important role in mechanical processing.

A

Muscularis externa

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41
Q

____ plexus= sympathetic, parasympathetic supply to the muscle

A

myenteric

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42
Q

___ = visceral peritoneum. This is the general organization of the GI tract regardless of location

A

serosa

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43
Q

___ is waves of muscular contraction to propel food through the GI tract. In addition there are segmental and mixing contractions

A

peristalsis

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44
Q

____ muscle is involuntary

A

smooth

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45
Q

____= this system works mostly by reflexes called myenteric reflexes.

A

Neural mechanisms

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46
Q

The ____ triggers mixing and secretion in the digestive function

A

presence of substance

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47
Q

____= digestive hormones affect digestion and movement

A

Hormonal mechanisms

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48
Q

____ factors are the primary stimulus for digestive activities and include changes in pH of the contents of the lumen, physical distortion of the wall of the digestive tract, or the presence of chemicals

A

Local

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49
Q

____ mechanisms= pH

A

Local

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50
Q

stratified squamous epithelium is for ____

A

protection

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51
Q

simple epithelium is for ___

A

secretion

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52
Q

The ___ contains glands that secrete mucins, lingual lipase. It moves food over teeth for grinding and mixing with saliva

A

tongue

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53
Q

___= chewing

A

mastication

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54
Q

____ is the hard substance covering the exposed portion of the tooth (it covers Dentin)

A

Enamel

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55
Q

____ is bone surrounding the pulp cavity of the tooth

A

dentin

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56
Q

____ is the part in the center of the tooth made up of living connective tissue and cells called odontoblasts

A

pulp

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57
Q

_____is a group of specialized connective tissue fibers that essentially attach a tooth to the alveolar bone within which it sits

A

periodontal ligaments

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58
Q

The muscles of ____ are masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid,and lateral pterygoid.

A

mastication

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59
Q

___ is the opening of the diaphragm

A

esophageal hiatus

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60
Q

____ is the ring of smooth muscle fibers at the junction of the esophagus and stomach

A

lower esophageal sphincter

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61
Q

____=deglutition

A

swallowing

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62
Q

___ is voluntary but has a subconscious component

A

deglutition

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63
Q

_____ is the pushing of the bolus posteriorly and initiation of reflexes

A

buccal phase

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64
Q

____ =swallowing reflex. Pharyngeal muscles contract and elevate the larynx. This moves the epiglottis and soft palate,

A

Pharyngeal phase

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65
Q

____= bolus is pushed to stomach by peristalsis

A

esophageal phase

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66
Q

____ organs have a lining similar to visceral and parietal pericardium called visceral and parietal peritoneum

A

GI

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67
Q

____ consist of Areolar CT and provide a route for vasculature, lymphatics, as well as provide stability to organs

A

mesenteries

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68
Q

____ is a large apron-like fold of visceral peritoneum that hangs from the stomach

A

greater omentum

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69
Q

____ is a broad fan-shaped fold of peritoneum suspending from the jejunum and the ileum from the dorsal wall of the abdomen

A

Mesentery proper

70
Q

Four functions of the ___ include:

1) storage of food
2) mechanical breakdown of food
3) chemical breakdown of food
4) production of intrinsic factor

A

stomach

71
Q

___ - mucus producing glands

A

Cardia

72
Q

___ is the upper part of the stomach, which forms a bulge higher than the opening of the esophagus

A

Fundus

73
Q

the body of the ___= gastric glands, acid, enzymes

A

stomach

74
Q

____ of the stomach contains hormones and mucus

A

Pyloris

75
Q

___ are the folds of the stomach

A

Rugae

76
Q

The stomach has an extra layer of muscle called the ____ layer

A

oblique

77
Q

The stomach has ____ epithelium with a mucus coating for protection

A

simple columnar

78
Q

____ pits contain secretory cells. Lifespan in this environment is only about three days

A

Gastric

79
Q

____ cells= mucus

A

neck

80
Q

____ cells= HCL and intrinsic factor for B12 absorption

A

parietal

81
Q

___ cells= gastrin

A

G

82
Q

___ cells= pepsinogen

A

Chief

83
Q

The functions of ___ include:

1) Acidity kills most microorganisms
2) Acidity denatures proteins
3) Acidity breaks down cell walls and CT
4) Converts pepsinogen to pepsin

A

HCL

84
Q

___ is not made in the cell. H+ and CL- are pumped into the stomach where they combine

A

HCL

85
Q

___ is a proteolytic enzyme. It breaks down proteins into smaller peptides. Helps digests proteins in food.

A

pepsin

86
Q

____ promotes mixing and secretion in the stomach

A

Gastrin

87
Q

____ hormone= hunger

A

Ghrelin

88
Q

____ hormone= satiety

A

Leptin

89
Q

____ is a substance that is secreted by the stomach wall and converted into the enzyme pepsin by gastric acid

A

pepsinogen

90
Q

____ is the numerous permanent crescentic folds of mucous membrane found in the small intestine especially in the lower part of the duodenum and the jejunum.

A

plicae circularis

91
Q

___ are specialized for absorption in the small intestine

A

villi

92
Q

___ is the lymphatic vessel of the small intestine that absorb digested fats

A

lacteal

93
Q

The ____ of the small intestine lie within a lamina propria which is rich in lymphocytes, eosinophils and plasma cells

A

intestinal crypts

94
Q

_____ is an enzyme produced by cells of the duodenum and involved in human and animal digestion. It is secreted from intestinal glands following the entry of ingested food passing from the stomach

A

enteropeptidase

95
Q

____ is a slimy substance, typically not miscible with water, secreted by membranes and glands for lubrication and protection

A

mucus

96
Q

___ is a peptide hormone of the gastrointestinal system responsible for stimulating the digestion of fats and protein

A

CCK

97
Q

___ is a hormone released into the bloodstream by the duodenum (especially in response to acidity) to stimulate secretion by the liver and pancreas

A

secretin

98
Q

____ is completed in the small intestine and the absorption of nutrients begins

A

digestion

99
Q

____ is 8 feet long and nutrient absorption occurs here (small intestine)

A

jejunum

100
Q

____ is 11 feet long and absorption continues (small intestine)

A

Ileum

101
Q

____ stimulates the secretion of intestinal glands, dilates regional capillaries, and inhibits acid production in the stomach

A

VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide)

102
Q

___ phase= CNS stimulation

A

cephalic

103
Q

___ phase= presence of food stretches the walls of the stomach activating the ENS which stimulates secretion and mixing. This phase can last 4 hours.

A

gastric

104
Q

_____ phase= chyme begins to enter the small intestine. this relaxes some of the distension which will slow the stomach

A

intestinal

105
Q

___ also stimulates the pancreas to produce bicarbonate

A

secretin

106
Q

No nutrients in the ___ are absorbed because of the thick mucus barrier and lack of transport mechanisms. Two exceptions are : Alcohol & Aspirin

A

stomach

107
Q

___ — Ileocecal valve and appendix

A

cecum

108
Q

____ in the colon= smalll pouches caused by sacculation (sac formation) which give the colon its segmented appearance

A

Haustra

109
Q

The ____ run the length of the large intestine and it shortens the length of the intestine

A

taenia coli

110
Q

____ colon= is the first main part of the large intestine, which passes upward from the cecum on the right side of the abdomen

A

ascending

111
Q

____ colon= is the middle part of the large intestine, passing across the abdomen from right to left below the stomach

A

transverse

112
Q

____ colon= is the part of the large intestine that passes downward on the left side of the abdomen toward the rectum

A

descending

113
Q

___ colon= is the S-shaped part of the large intestine, leading into the rectum

A

sigmoid

114
Q

___ is the final section of the large intestine, terminating at the anus

A

rectum

115
Q

___ is the opening at the end of the alimentary canal through which solid waste matter leaves the body

A

anus

116
Q

In the ___ it is: mostly mucus production, no digestive enzymes, and it has lots of bacteria

A

large intestine

117
Q

In the ___ there is:

  • Reabsorption of water and some vitamins
  • Production of Vitamin K by bacteria
  • Production of biotin by bacteria
  • Production of vitamin B5 by bacteria
A

large intestine

118
Q

Internal anal sphincter is ____ muscle

A

smooth

119
Q

External anal sphincter is ____ muscle

A

skeletal

120
Q

____ are strong peristaltic waves that force feces into the sigmoid colon

A

Mass movements

121
Q

___=amylase (salivary glands)

A

Parotid

122
Q

___= buffers and lube (salivary glands)

A

sublingual

123
Q

____= mucins and salivary amylase (salivary glands)

A

submadibular

124
Q

_____ is 99% water but contains Na, Cl, enzymes, mucins, antibodies, buffers. It lubricates the mouth, dissolve compounds for taste, digestion of carbohydrates

A

saliva

125
Q

____ is the largest organ and most versatile. Found in the right upper quadrant

A

liver

126
Q

___ is the small sac shaped organ beneath the liver, in which bile is stored after secretion by the liver and before release into the intestine

A

gall bladder

127
Q

____ is a deep fissure in the interior surface of the liver through which all the neurovascular structures and hepatic ducts enter or leave the liver

A

Porta Hepatis

128
Q

___= is remnant of the umbilical vein

A

round ligament

129
Q

___ consist of hepatocytes and spaces between them (liver)

A

lobules

130
Q

____ are liver cells

A

hepatocytes

131
Q

_____ engulf the red cells (they are phagocytes)

A

Kupffer cells

132
Q

___is a small blood vessel that is a type of capillary similar to fenestrated endothelium

A

sinusoids

133
Q

___ is for carbohydrate consumption

A

amylase

134
Q

____ reflex is initiated when you need to poop

A

Defecation

135
Q

Liver stores ___ for times when you need blood sugar

A

glycogen

136
Q

____ is required for clotting, etc

A

Vitamin K

137
Q

The ___ is both exocrine (bicarbonate–> which neutralizes HCL acid) and endocrine (insulin and glucogon)

A

pancreas

138
Q

The ___ stores bile

A

Gall bladder

139
Q

___ emulsifies lipids (fats) –> comes into the small intestine for this

A

bile

140
Q

____ includes destroyed red blood cells,etc.

A

bile

141
Q

In the ____phase= mouth starts watering when seeing/smelling food

A

cephalic

142
Q

Food can stay in the stomach for ___ hours

A

4

143
Q

Presence of ___ is the signal to release food out of the stomach –> transition to small intestine

A

amino acids

144
Q

You need ___ to absorb B12

A

intrinsic factor

145
Q

____ bile duct merges with the pancreatic duct and enters the small intestine

A

common

146
Q

The ___ duct merges with the common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct

A

cystic

147
Q

The ___ duct extends from the gall bladder

A

cystic

148
Q

Right and left hepatic ducts merge to become the ____ duct

A

common hepatic

149
Q

____ metabolism is the regulation of circulating lipids (cholesterol)

A

Lipid

150
Q

____ metabolism includes: Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

A

carbohydrate

151
Q

In ____ metabolism the liver removes excess amino acids from the blood and converts them to lipid or glucose to be stored or used for energy

A

amino acid

152
Q

___ is the process of using amino acids and lipids for fuel

A

gluconeogenesis

153
Q

When your blood sugar is high the ___ produces insulin

A

pancreas

154
Q

Our cell membranes are made out of ___ and we use ___ to make cells & hormones

A

lipids

155
Q

There are ___ different types of amino acids

A

20

156
Q

Your liver can’t make ____ so you must digest them

A

essential

157
Q

____ are used in protein synthesis

A

amino acids

158
Q

____ converts ammonia to urea for excretion as well as other toxins, drugs, etc..

A

Waste removal

159
Q

The ___ stores: Vitamin A, D, E, K and it stores the mineral Iron as well

A

Liver

160
Q

____ is your primary plasma protein that helps maintain osmotic pressure

A

albumin

161
Q

The physiology of the ___ includes:

  • Antigen presentation by Kupffer cells
  • Synthesis of plasma proteins
  • Removal of circulating hormones
  • Removal or storage of toxins
  • Production of bile for emulsification of lipids
A

liver

162
Q

The ___ is a retroperitoneal organ that lies posterior to the stomach. It is connected to the duodenum through ducts.

A

Pancreas

163
Q

The ___ duct merges with the common bile duct and enters the duodenum through the papilla

A

pancreatic

164
Q

____ from the duodenum stimulates the release of bicarbonate from the pancreas to neutralize acid

A

Secretin

165
Q

___ from the duodenum stimulates the release of digestive enzymes

A

CCK

166
Q

___ lipase= to digest lipids

A

Pancreatic

167
Q

____ is an enzyme that cleaves the chains of nucleotides and nucleic acids into smaller units

A

Nuclease

168
Q

_____ is an enzyme that acts to degrade protein (proteolytic enzyme)

A

Trypsin

169
Q

____ is a digestive enzyme of pancreatic juice acting in the duodenum where it performs proteolysis, the breakdown of proteins and polypeptides (proteolytic enzyme)

A

Chymotrypsin

170
Q

____ is a protein enzyme that hydrolyzes a peptide bond at the carboxy-terminal end of a protein or peptide (proteolytic enzyme)

A

Carboxypeptidase

A&P 2 (5 decks)

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