exam 4 Flashcards
____ is all chemical reactions that occur in the body
metabolism
____ is the breaking down of all substances
catabolism
___ = synthesis
Anabolism
____ provides energy needed for homeostasis
metabolism
In the process of ____, cells continually break down and replace all their organic compounds except DNA
metabolic turnover
All of the cell’s organic building blocks form a ____ - an accessible reserve of organic substances that can be used for metabolic turnover or energy production
nutrient pool
Generation of ATP comes from the breakdown of ____
carbohydrates
____ is mitochondrial activity that is responsible for ATP production (Aerobic, Anaerobic)
Cellular respiration
____ is the process of producing cellular energy involving oxygen
Aerobic
___ is the process of producing cellular energy without oxygen
anaerobic
____ occurs in the cytoplasm. The desired outcome is 2 pyruvic acid. 4 ATP are produced, 2 NADH are produced
glycolysis
____ occurs in the mitochondria. The desired outcome is NADH and FADH. 2 ATP are produced, 6 NADH and 2 FADH are produced
Citric Acid Cycle
____ occurs in the mitochondrial membrane. The desired outcome is lots of ATP. 34 ATP are produced/used. No NADH and FADH.
Electron transport chain
The total number of ATP molecules produced per molecule of glucose metabolized is ____
36
Can your body burn amino acids and lipids for fuel? Answer:____
yes
The potentially harmful byproducts of fatty acid (lipids) to glucose is ___
keytones
The potentially harmful byproducts of amino acids to glucose is ___
ammonia
____ is considered “bad cholesterol” because it has less protein, more fat. Liver creates this in order to transport lipid to tissue for deposition-depositing fat to tissues; too much fat-depositing things inappropriately.
LDL
____ is considered “good cholesterol” because it has less fat –> made by liver to go to tissues to grab lipids to bring back so you can burn them for fuel
HDL
The most abundant extracellular ion in the body is ___ sodium anion-chloride
Cation
The most abundant intracellular ion in the body is ___ potassium anion-hydrogen phosphate
cation
___ is essential for normal muscle, neuron function, and normal bone structure
calcium
___ is stored in liver and adipose–need fat with vitamin so you can dissolve–lipid helps transport across membrane
Fat soluble
___ is filtered in kidneys and is excreted
water soluble
Vitamins A,D,E,K and iron are ___ soluble
fat
Vitamins B & C are ___ soluble
water
The function of Vitamin ___ is for vision, is required to maintain epithelium, required for synthesis of visual pigments, supports immune system, promotes growth and bone remodeling
A
The function of Vitamin ___ =required for normal bone growth, intestinal calcium, phosphorus absorption, and retention of these ions at the kidneys. You get this from sunshine (UV light)
D
Heart disease, cancer, and stroke are the ____ in the U.S. each year
leading causes of death
___ is crushing, grinding, shearing to increase surface area and to mix with enzymes
mechanical processing
___ is the chemical breakdown of food using digestive enzymes
digestion
____=water, acids, enzymes, buffers, salts
secretion
___ is the act of taking food and drink into the body by the mouth.
Ingestion
____ is the process of by which nutrient molecules pass through the wall of your digestive system onto your blood
absorption
____ is eliminating waste from the body
excretion
___ is the inner lining of the GI tract with lots of mucus and some areolar CT. The epithelium of this varies from simple columnar to stratified squamous.
Mucosa
The lining of the ___ is folded to increase surface area
GI tract
The ___ is composed of dense irregular CT. It contains blood vessels and lymphatics.
Submucosa
The ____ plexus= sensory nerves, parasympathetic, sympathetic
submucosal
The ___ has smooth muscle arranged in two layers. It has circular and longitudinal layers of muscle. It plays an important role in mechanical processing.
Muscularis externa
____ plexus= sympathetic, parasympathetic supply to the muscle
myenteric
___ = visceral peritoneum. This is the general organization of the GI tract regardless of location
serosa
___ is waves of muscular contraction to propel food through the GI tract. In addition there are segmental and mixing contractions
peristalsis
____ muscle is involuntary
smooth
____= this system works mostly by reflexes called myenteric reflexes.
Neural mechanisms
The ____ triggers mixing and secretion in the digestive function
presence of substance
____= digestive hormones affect digestion and movement
Hormonal mechanisms
____ factors are the primary stimulus for digestive activities and include changes in pH of the contents of the lumen, physical distortion of the wall of the digestive tract, or the presence of chemicals
Local
____ mechanisms= pH
Local
stratified squamous epithelium is for ____
protection
simple epithelium is for ___
secretion
The ___ contains glands that secrete mucins, lingual lipase. It moves food over teeth for grinding and mixing with saliva
tongue
___= chewing
mastication
____ is the hard substance covering the exposed portion of the tooth (it covers Dentin)
Enamel
____ is bone surrounding the pulp cavity of the tooth
dentin
____ is the part in the center of the tooth made up of living connective tissue and cells called odontoblasts
pulp
_____is a group of specialized connective tissue fibers that essentially attach a tooth to the alveolar bone within which it sits
periodontal ligaments
The muscles of ____ are masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid,and lateral pterygoid.
mastication
___ is the opening of the diaphragm
esophageal hiatus
____ is the ring of smooth muscle fibers at the junction of the esophagus and stomach
lower esophageal sphincter
____=deglutition
swallowing
___ is voluntary but has a subconscious component
deglutition
_____ is the pushing of the bolus posteriorly and initiation of reflexes
buccal phase
____ =swallowing reflex. Pharyngeal muscles contract and elevate the larynx. This moves the epiglottis and soft palate,
Pharyngeal phase
____= bolus is pushed to stomach by peristalsis
esophageal phase
____ organs have a lining similar to visceral and parietal pericardium called visceral and parietal peritoneum
GI
____ consist of Areolar CT and provide a route for vasculature, lymphatics, as well as provide stability to organs
mesenteries
____ is a large apron-like fold of visceral peritoneum that hangs from the stomach
greater omentum
____ is a broad fan-shaped fold of peritoneum suspending from the jejunum and the ileum from the dorsal wall of the abdomen
Mesentery proper
Four functions of the ___ include:
1) storage of food
2) mechanical breakdown of food
3) chemical breakdown of food
4) production of intrinsic factor
stomach
___ - mucus producing glands
Cardia
___ is the upper part of the stomach, which forms a bulge higher than the opening of the esophagus
Fundus
the body of the ___= gastric glands, acid, enzymes
stomach
____ of the stomach contains hormones and mucus
Pyloris
___ are the folds of the stomach
Rugae
The stomach has an extra layer of muscle called the ____ layer
oblique
The stomach has ____ epithelium with a mucus coating for protection
simple columnar
____ pits contain secretory cells. Lifespan in this environment is only about three days
Gastric
____ cells= mucus
neck
____ cells= HCL and intrinsic factor for B12 absorption
parietal
___ cells= gastrin
G
___ cells= pepsinogen
Chief
The functions of ___ include:
1) Acidity kills most microorganisms
2) Acidity denatures proteins
3) Acidity breaks down cell walls and CT
4) Converts pepsinogen to pepsin
HCL
___ is not made in the cell. H+ and CL- are pumped into the stomach where they combine
HCL
___ is a proteolytic enzyme. It breaks down proteins into smaller peptides. Helps digests proteins in food.
pepsin
____ promotes mixing and secretion in the stomach
Gastrin
____ hormone= hunger
Ghrelin
____ hormone= satiety
Leptin
____ is a substance that is secreted by the stomach wall and converted into the enzyme pepsin by gastric acid
pepsinogen
____ is the numerous permanent crescentic folds of mucous membrane found in the small intestine especially in the lower part of the duodenum and the jejunum.
plicae circularis
___ are specialized for absorption in the small intestine
villi
___ is the lymphatic vessel of the small intestine that absorb digested fats
lacteal
The ____ of the small intestine lie within a lamina propria which is rich in lymphocytes, eosinophils and plasma cells
intestinal crypts
_____ is an enzyme produced by cells of the duodenum and involved in human and animal digestion. It is secreted from intestinal glands following the entry of ingested food passing from the stomach
enteropeptidase
____ is a slimy substance, typically not miscible with water, secreted by membranes and glands for lubrication and protection
mucus
___ is a peptide hormone of the gastrointestinal system responsible for stimulating the digestion of fats and protein
CCK
___ is a hormone released into the bloodstream by the duodenum (especially in response to acidity) to stimulate secretion by the liver and pancreas
secretin
____ is completed in the small intestine and the absorption of nutrients begins
digestion
____ is 8 feet long and nutrient absorption occurs here (small intestine)
jejunum
____ is 11 feet long and absorption continues (small intestine)
Ileum
____ stimulates the secretion of intestinal glands, dilates regional capillaries, and inhibits acid production in the stomach
VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide)
___ phase= CNS stimulation
cephalic
___ phase= presence of food stretches the walls of the stomach activating the ENS which stimulates secretion and mixing. This phase can last 4 hours.
gastric
_____ phase= chyme begins to enter the small intestine. this relaxes some of the distension which will slow the stomach
intestinal
___ also stimulates the pancreas to produce bicarbonate
secretin
No nutrients in the ___ are absorbed because of the thick mucus barrier and lack of transport mechanisms. Two exceptions are : Alcohol & Aspirin
stomach
___ — Ileocecal valve and appendix
cecum
____ in the colon= smalll pouches caused by sacculation (sac formation) which give the colon its segmented appearance
Haustra
The ____ run the length of the large intestine and it shortens the length of the intestine
taenia coli
____ colon= is the first main part of the large intestine, which passes upward from the cecum on the right side of the abdomen
ascending
____ colon= is the middle part of the large intestine, passing across the abdomen from right to left below the stomach
transverse
____ colon= is the part of the large intestine that passes downward on the left side of the abdomen toward the rectum
descending
___ colon= is the S-shaped part of the large intestine, leading into the rectum
sigmoid
___ is the final section of the large intestine, terminating at the anus
rectum
___ is the opening at the end of the alimentary canal through which solid waste matter leaves the body
anus
In the ___ it is: mostly mucus production, no digestive enzymes, and it has lots of bacteria
large intestine
In the ___ there is:
- Reabsorption of water and some vitamins
- Production of Vitamin K by bacteria
- Production of biotin by bacteria
- Production of vitamin B5 by bacteria
large intestine
Internal anal sphincter is ____ muscle
smooth
External anal sphincter is ____ muscle
skeletal
____ are strong peristaltic waves that force feces into the sigmoid colon
Mass movements
___=amylase (salivary glands)
Parotid
___= buffers and lube (salivary glands)
sublingual
____= mucins and salivary amylase (salivary glands)
submadibular
_____ is 99% water but contains Na, Cl, enzymes, mucins, antibodies, buffers. It lubricates the mouth, dissolve compounds for taste, digestion of carbohydrates
saliva
____ is the largest organ and most versatile. Found in the right upper quadrant
liver
___ is the small sac shaped organ beneath the liver, in which bile is stored after secretion by the liver and before release into the intestine
gall bladder
____ is a deep fissure in the interior surface of the liver through which all the neurovascular structures and hepatic ducts enter or leave the liver
Porta Hepatis
___= is remnant of the umbilical vein
round ligament
___ consist of hepatocytes and spaces between them (liver)
lobules
____ are liver cells
hepatocytes
_____ engulf the red cells (they are phagocytes)
Kupffer cells
___is a small blood vessel that is a type of capillary similar to fenestrated endothelium
sinusoids
___ is for carbohydrate consumption
amylase
____ reflex is initiated when you need to poop
Defecation
Liver stores ___ for times when you need blood sugar
glycogen
____ is required for clotting, etc
Vitamin K
The ___ is both exocrine (bicarbonate–> which neutralizes HCL acid) and endocrine (insulin and glucogon)
pancreas
The ___ stores bile
Gall bladder
___ emulsifies lipids (fats) –> comes into the small intestine for this
bile
____ includes destroyed red blood cells,etc.
bile
In the ____phase= mouth starts watering when seeing/smelling food
cephalic
Food can stay in the stomach for ___ hours
4
Presence of ___ is the signal to release food out of the stomach –> transition to small intestine
amino acids
You need ___ to absorb B12
intrinsic factor
____ bile duct merges with the pancreatic duct and enters the small intestine
common
The ___ duct merges with the common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct
cystic
The ___ duct extends from the gall bladder
cystic
Right and left hepatic ducts merge to become the ____ duct
common hepatic
____ metabolism is the regulation of circulating lipids (cholesterol)
Lipid
____ metabolism includes: Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
carbohydrate
In ____ metabolism the liver removes excess amino acids from the blood and converts them to lipid or glucose to be stored or used for energy
amino acid
___ is the process of using amino acids and lipids for fuel
gluconeogenesis
When your blood sugar is high the ___ produces insulin
pancreas
Our cell membranes are made out of ___ and we use ___ to make cells & hormones
lipids
There are ___ different types of amino acids
20
Your liver can’t make ____ so you must digest them
essential
____ are used in protein synthesis
amino acids
____ converts ammonia to urea for excretion as well as other toxins, drugs, etc..
Waste removal
The ___ stores: Vitamin A, D, E, K and it stores the mineral Iron as well
Liver
____ is your primary plasma protein that helps maintain osmotic pressure
albumin
The physiology of the ___ includes:
- Antigen presentation by Kupffer cells
- Synthesis of plasma proteins
- Removal of circulating hormones
- Removal or storage of toxins
- Production of bile for emulsification of lipids
liver
The ___ is a retroperitoneal organ that lies posterior to the stomach. It is connected to the duodenum through ducts.
Pancreas
The ___ duct merges with the common bile duct and enters the duodenum through the papilla
pancreatic
____ from the duodenum stimulates the release of bicarbonate from the pancreas to neutralize acid
Secretin
___ from the duodenum stimulates the release of digestive enzymes
CCK
___ lipase= to digest lipids
Pancreatic
____ is an enzyme that cleaves the chains of nucleotides and nucleic acids into smaller units
Nuclease
_____ is an enzyme that acts to degrade protein (proteolytic enzyme)
Trypsin
____ is a digestive enzyme of pancreatic juice acting in the duodenum where it performs proteolysis, the breakdown of proteins and polypeptides (proteolytic enzyme)
Chymotrypsin
____ is a protein enzyme that hydrolyzes a peptide bond at the carboxy-terminal end of a protein or peptide (proteolytic enzyme)
Carboxypeptidase
