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A&P 2 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Catecholamines

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine

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2
Q

Amino acid derivatives

A

thyroid hormones, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine, melatonin

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3
Q

melotonin

A

a derivative of of tryptophan that is secreted by the pineaal gland.

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4
Q

prohormones

A

inactive molecules that are converted to active hormones either before or after they’re secreted

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5
Q

Eicosanoids

A

important paracrine factors that coordinates cellular activities and affect enzymatic processes (blood clotting) in extracellular fluids

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6
Q

Leukotrienes (eicosanoids)

A

have secondary roles as hormones

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7
Q

prostaglandins (eicosanoids)

A

involved primarily in coordinating local cellular activities

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8
Q

steroid hormones

A

are released by the reproductive organs (androgens by the testes in males, estrogen and progestins by the ovaries in females) by the cortex of the adrenal glands (corticosteroids), and by the kidneys (calcitrol)

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9
Q

endocrine

A

secreting directly into the bloodstream

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10
Q

thyroid

A

affects the way you’re body uses energy

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11
Q

hormones

A

either lipids or proteins in ES

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12
Q

cell membranes made up of:

A

lipids

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13
Q

cell membranes and lipids

A

both lipids, lipids will dissolve right through

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14
Q

Protein based hormones

A

hormones can not diffuse right through

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15
Q

hypothalamus

A

controls pituitary

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16
Q

parathyroid glands

A

parathyroid hormone helps control calcium

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17
Q

calcium (what it helps with)

A

bones
blood clotting
muscle contraction
release neural transmitters

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18
Q

pancreas

A

endocrine part: insulin
exocrine part: digestive secretions (secretions follow ducts outside of the body)

most of your digestive enzymes come from the pancreas

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19
Q

hypothalamus –> pituitary gland

A

controls posterior pituitary gland by sending an electrical signal

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20
Q

hypothesis

A

means pituitary

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21
Q

Hypophyseal portal system

A

blood flows through 2 capillaries before going into circulation

hypothalamus –> anterior pituitary –> target cell

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22
Q

capillary

A

smallest blood vessel you have=exchange gases and nutrients

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23
Q

hypothalamus =anterior pituitary

A

controls using circulation

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24
Q

veins

A

get larger as they get closer to the heart

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25
Q

anterior pituitary

A

controls thyroid gland

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26
Q

hypothalamus will detect

A

low levels of thyroid

will release stimulating hormone to the thyroid, telling it to release more hormone

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27
Q

adrenals

A

release coritsol

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28
Q

nervous system

A

cannot run on glucose

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29
Q

promoting growth in a cell

A

protein synthesis

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30
Q

FSH

A

sperm and egg development

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31
Q

oxytocin

A

simulates uterus to contract

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32
Q

cortisol has a ______ effect on your body

A

glucose sparing

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33
Q

Your nervous system can only run on _____

A

glucose

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34
Q

second messenger system (protein hormone)

A

hormone binds to receptors –> g protein –> ATP to AMP –> activate enzymes (help catalyze our chemical reactions)

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35
Q

reducing activity (protein hormone)

A

hormone binds to receptors –> g protein –> ATP to AMP –> inhibit enzymes

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36
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

controlled by the posterior pituitary

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37
Q

Hypothalamus controls posterior pituitary using ____

A

electrical impulses

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38
Q

Cortisol is released by the _____

A

adrenal glands

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39
Q

Cortisol tells the rest of the body to ___

A

burn lipids for fuel

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40
Q

Parathyroid hormone is released when there is ____

A

low calcium levels

41
Q

parathyroid hormones prevent the kidneys from ____

A

secreting calcium through urine

42
Q

Anterior Pituitary uses the ____ system

A

portal

43
Q

Nervous system uses ____ which is very fast but also short lived

A

direct communication

44
Q

Endocrine uses ____ which is secreted into the ____

A

hormones, bloodstream

45
Q

Nervous system is ____ & _____ _____

Endocrine system takes _____ but lasts ____

A

quick, short lived

longer, longer

46
Q

calcitonin is released when there is _____

A

high levels of calcium

47
Q

Aldosterone conserves _____ in order to conserve ___. This increases _____

A

sodium, water, blood pressure

48
Q

When blood sugar rises _____ is released

A

insulin

49
Q

Insulin lowers blood sugar by ________

A

packing it into cells

50
Q

when blood sugar is low ____ is released

A

glycogen

51
Q

Glycogen is made & stored in the ____

A

liver

52
Q

In the Pineal Gland, lack of ____ causes _____ to be released

A

UV light, melatonin

53
Q

An example of Globulins is ____

A

antibodies

54
Q

RBCs are made in _____

A

bone marrow

55
Q

Hemostasis stops ____

A

blood loss

56
Q

Thrombin converts _____ to _____. ____ strengthens the clot and secures it

A

fibrinogen, fibrin, fibrin

57
Q

Plasmin is a ____ that digests the _____

A

enzyme, protein fibers

58
Q

Antidiuretic hormone helps you to conserve ____

A

water

59
Q

When blood pressure is low, _____ is released

A

Aldosterone

60
Q

albumins

A

major contributors to osmotic pressure of plasma; transport lipids, steroid hormones

61
Q

Globulins transport ___, ___, ___

A

ions, hormones, lipids

62
Q

Globulins primarily come from _____

A

immune system

63
Q

fibrinogen is an essential component of the _____

A

clotting system

64
Q

fibrinogen can be converted to insoluble ____

A

fibrin

65
Q

Regulatory proteins are ___, ___, ___

A

enzymes, proenzymes, hormones

66
Q

There are ____ white blood cells in a blood sample

A

10,000

67
Q

A typical person usually has ___ liters of blood

A

5 liters

68
Q

There are ____ red blood cells in a typical blood sample

A

5 million

69
Q

Red blood cells have no ____, meaning they can’t ___ themselves

A

nucleus, repair

70
Q

Red blood cells are loaded with ____ because their primary function is to _____

A

hemoglobin, transport oxygen

71
Q

Hemoglobin is made of ____, ____, ____

A

protein, iron, heme

72
Q

Sickle cell anemia is a _____ in the code for the ____ chains

A

mutation, beta

73
Q

Proteins are made up of four different chains, 2 ____ and 2 ____. These all come together to make up ____

A

alpha, beta, hemoglobin

74
Q

Thalassemia have difficulty producing both ____ and ____ chains

A

alpha, beta

75
Q

Iron deficiency= lack of ____

A

iron

76
Q

Hemoglobin recycling happens in the ____

A

liver

77
Q

Hemoglobin recycling: White blood cells in the liver pull ____ out of circulation and _____

A

red blood cells, break them apart

78
Q

Hemoglobin recycling: ____ & ____ you attempt to recycle (reuse it)

A

iron, amino acids

79
Q

Hemoglobin recycling: Heme is converted to ____ and becomes a component of _____

A

bilirubin, bile

80
Q

Hemoglobin recycling: bile helps us to ____

A

digest lipids

81
Q

Hemoglobin recycling: bilirubin is ____ into the intestine’s ____ and then is eliminated from your body in ___

A

secreted, bile, feces

82
Q

Erythropoietin is a ____ that gets into circulation straight into your ____ and stimulates ____ production & helps get ____ levels back to normal (erythropoiesis)

A

hormone, bone marrow, oxygen

83
Q

Most abundant WBC is ____

A

neutrophil

84
Q

Least abundant WBC is ____

A

Basophil

85
Q

This WBC fights parasitic infection

A

eosinophil

86
Q

This WBC elevates in number during an allergic response

A

basophil

87
Q

This WBC primarily deals with viral infections

A

lymphocyte

88
Q

This WBC elevates in all types of infections

A

Monocyte

89
Q

Vascular phase –> ____ to the point of ____ or ____ blood flow

A

constricts, slowing, stopping

90
Q

Platelet blood phase –> stick to _____ tissue & when they stick they ____

A

damage, break open

91
Q

We call it a clot when we release ____ which is collagen.

A

Fibrin

92
Q

Fibrin (collagen) ____ the clot and ____ it to tissues

A

strengthens, attaches

93
Q

When Platelets break open they release ____ attracting other ____

A

chemicals, platelets

94
Q

Adrenalcorticotropin releasing hormone tells the ____ to release ____

A

adrenals, cortisol

95
Q

Prolactin activates ____

A

milk production

96
Q

Growth hormone targets ___ cells

A

all

97
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone promotes ____ & ____ development

A

sperm, egg

98
Q

Lutinizing hormone stimulates ____ in males & ___ in females

A

testosterone, estrogen

99
Q

Gonads are ____ & ____

A

testes & Ovaries

A&P 2 (5 decks)

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