Exam 1 Flashcards
Catecholamines
epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine
Amino acid derivatives
thyroid hormones, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine, melatonin
melotonin
a derivative of of tryptophan that is secreted by the pineaal gland.
prohormones
inactive molecules that are converted to active hormones either before or after they’re secreted
Eicosanoids
important paracrine factors that coordinates cellular activities and affect enzymatic processes (blood clotting) in extracellular fluids
Leukotrienes (eicosanoids)
have secondary roles as hormones
prostaglandins (eicosanoids)
involved primarily in coordinating local cellular activities
steroid hormones
are released by the reproductive organs (androgens by the testes in males, estrogen and progestins by the ovaries in females) by the cortex of the adrenal glands (corticosteroids), and by the kidneys (calcitrol)
endocrine
secreting directly into the bloodstream
thyroid
affects the way you’re body uses energy
hormones
either lipids or proteins in ES
cell membranes made up of:
lipids
cell membranes and lipids
both lipids, lipids will dissolve right through
Protein based hormones
hormones can not diffuse right through
hypothalamus
controls pituitary
parathyroid glands
parathyroid hormone helps control calcium
calcium (what it helps with)
bones
blood clotting
muscle contraction
release neural transmitters
pancreas
endocrine part: insulin
exocrine part: digestive secretions (secretions follow ducts outside of the body)
most of your digestive enzymes come from the pancreas
hypothalamus –> pituitary gland
controls posterior pituitary gland by sending an electrical signal
hypothesis
means pituitary
Hypophyseal portal system
blood flows through 2 capillaries before going into circulation
hypothalamus –> anterior pituitary –> target cell
capillary
smallest blood vessel you have=exchange gases and nutrients
hypothalamus =anterior pituitary
controls using circulation
veins
get larger as they get closer to the heart
anterior pituitary
controls thyroid gland
hypothalamus will detect
low levels of thyroid
will release stimulating hormone to the thyroid, telling it to release more hormone
adrenals
release coritsol
nervous system
cannot run on glucose
promoting growth in a cell
protein synthesis
FSH
sperm and egg development
oxytocin
simulates uterus to contract
cortisol has a ______ effect on your body
glucose sparing
Your nervous system can only run on _____
glucose
second messenger system (protein hormone)
hormone binds to receptors –> g protein –> ATP to AMP –> activate enzymes (help catalyze our chemical reactions)
reducing activity (protein hormone)
hormone binds to receptors –> g protein –> ATP to AMP –> inhibit enzymes
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
controlled by the posterior pituitary
Hypothalamus controls posterior pituitary using ____
electrical impulses
Cortisol is released by the _____
adrenal glands
Cortisol tells the rest of the body to ___
burn lipids for fuel
Parathyroid hormone is released when there is ____
low calcium levels
parathyroid hormones prevent the kidneys from ____
secreting calcium through urine
Anterior Pituitary uses the ____ system
portal
Nervous system uses ____ which is very fast but also short lived
direct communication
Endocrine uses ____ which is secreted into the ____
hormones, bloodstream
Nervous system is ____ & _____ _____
Endocrine system takes _____ but lasts ____
quick, short lived
longer, longer
calcitonin is released when there is _____
high levels of calcium
Aldosterone conserves _____ in order to conserve ___. This increases _____
sodium, water, blood pressure
When blood sugar rises _____ is released
insulin
Insulin lowers blood sugar by ________
packing it into cells
when blood sugar is low ____ is released
glycogen
Glycogen is made & stored in the ____
liver
In the Pineal Gland, lack of ____ causes _____ to be released
UV light, melatonin
An example of Globulins is ____
antibodies
RBCs are made in _____
bone marrow
Hemostasis stops ____
blood loss
Thrombin converts _____ to _____. ____ strengthens the clot and secures it
fibrinogen, fibrin, fibrin
Plasmin is a ____ that digests the _____
enzyme, protein fibers
Antidiuretic hormone helps you to conserve ____
water
When blood pressure is low, _____ is released
Aldosterone
albumins
major contributors to osmotic pressure of plasma; transport lipids, steroid hormones
Globulins transport ___, ___, ___
ions, hormones, lipids
Globulins primarily come from _____
immune system
fibrinogen is an essential component of the _____
clotting system
fibrinogen can be converted to insoluble ____
fibrin
Regulatory proteins are ___, ___, ___
enzymes, proenzymes, hormones
There are ____ white blood cells in a blood sample
10,000
A typical person usually has ___ liters of blood
5 liters
There are ____ red blood cells in a typical blood sample
5 million
Red blood cells have no ____, meaning they can’t ___ themselves
nucleus, repair
Red blood cells are loaded with ____ because their primary function is to _____
hemoglobin, transport oxygen
Hemoglobin is made of ____, ____, ____
protein, iron, heme
Sickle cell anemia is a _____ in the code for the ____ chains
mutation, beta
Proteins are made up of four different chains, 2 ____ and 2 ____. These all come together to make up ____
alpha, beta, hemoglobin
Thalassemia have difficulty producing both ____ and ____ chains
alpha, beta
Iron deficiency= lack of ____
iron
Hemoglobin recycling happens in the ____
liver
Hemoglobin recycling: White blood cells in the liver pull ____ out of circulation and _____
red blood cells, break them apart
Hemoglobin recycling: ____ & ____ you attempt to recycle (reuse it)
iron, amino acids
Hemoglobin recycling: Heme is converted to ____ and becomes a component of _____
bilirubin, bile
Hemoglobin recycling: bile helps us to ____
digest lipids
Hemoglobin recycling: bilirubin is ____ into the intestine’s ____ and then is eliminated from your body in ___
secreted, bile, feces
Erythropoietin is a ____ that gets into circulation straight into your ____ and stimulates ____ production & helps get ____ levels back to normal (erythropoiesis)
hormone, bone marrow, oxygen
Most abundant WBC is ____
neutrophil
Least abundant WBC is ____
Basophil
This WBC fights parasitic infection
eosinophil
This WBC elevates in number during an allergic response
basophil
This WBC primarily deals with viral infections
lymphocyte
This WBC elevates in all types of infections
Monocyte
Vascular phase –> ____ to the point of ____ or ____ blood flow
constricts, slowing, stopping
Platelet blood phase –> stick to _____ tissue & when they stick they ____
damage, break open
We call it a clot when we release ____ which is collagen.
Fibrin
Fibrin (collagen) ____ the clot and ____ it to tissues
strengthens, attaches
When Platelets break open they release ____ attracting other ____
chemicals, platelets
Adrenalcorticotropin releasing hormone tells the ____ to release ____
adrenals, cortisol
Prolactin activates ____
milk production
Growth hormone targets ___ cells
all
Follicle stimulating hormone promotes ____ & ____ development
sperm, egg
Lutinizing hormone stimulates ____ in males & ___ in females
testosterone, estrogen
Gonads are ____ & ____
testes & Ovaries
