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Physiology Final Flash!! > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following is not part of the alimentary canal?

A

Pancreas

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2
Q

Enzymatic digestion of food occurs in each of the following except…

A

The large intestine

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3
Q

The movement of digested food into the blood or lymph is…

A

Absorption

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4
Q

The release of digestive enzymes, bile, buffers, and mucus is a digestive process referred to as…

A

Secretion

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5
Q

Wavelike muscular contraction of the gastrointestinal tract is called…

A

Peristalsis

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6
Q

Which of the following motility processes is NOT correctly matched to its description?

A

Mastication- removal of waste

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7
Q

Each of the following is a function of the oral cavity except one. Which one is not?

A

Partial chemical digestion of proteins

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8
Q

The tongue produces and releases an enzyme that partially digest…

A

Lipids

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9
Q

Each of the three salivary glands has a different cellular composition… Producing either serous (watery) secretions, mucus secretions, or a combination of both. Which produces both serous AND mucus secretions?

A

Submandibular glands

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10
Q

Which carbohydrase is secreted by two of the three pairs of salivary glands and starts the chemical digestion of starch?

A

Amylase

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11
Q

Which phase of deglutition is completely controlled by the autonomic nervous system?

A

Esophageal phase

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12
Q

Food passes through the esophageal sphincter into the_____ region of the stomach.

A

Cardiac

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13
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function of the stomach?

A

Digestion of carbohydrates

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14
Q

Stomach has inward folds of its lining called______ which expand to help store food.

A

Rugae

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15
Q

_______is required for the intestinal absorption of vitamin B12 and is produced by_____ in the stomach.

A

Intrinsic factor, parietal cells

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16
Q

G-cells

A

Secrete gastrin

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17
Q

Parietal cells

A

Secrete HCl (hydrochloric acid)

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18
Q

D-cells

A

Secrete somatostatin

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19
Q

Enterochromaffin-like cells

A

Secrete histamine

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20
Q

Chief cells

A

Secrete pepsinogen

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21
Q

Parietal cells

A

Secrete intrinsic factor

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22
Q

The release of secretions by parietal cells and chief cells is stimulated by the hormone…

A

Gastrin

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23
Q

Antihistamines would limit the gastric secretion of…

A

Hydrochloric acid

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24
Q

Rennin and gastric lipase are enzymes produced by gastric glands in the stomach for what purpose?

A

To break down nutrients in milk when we are infants

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25
Q

Acidic chyme in the duodenum is buffered by______ secreted from the pancreas.

A

Bicarbonate

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26
Q

Pepsin would have the greatest activity…

A

When the pH of the chyme is less than 3

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27
Q

Products like Tagamet and Zantac treat heartburn and acid reflux by…

A

Blocking hydrogen receptors in the stomach’s parietal cells

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28
Q

Which of the following triggers the cephalic phase of gastric activity?

A

The thought of food

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29
Q

What hormone targets the liver and stimulates the production of bile?

A

Secretin

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30
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is secreted by the_______ in response to the presence of lipids and carbohydrates in the small intestine.

A

Small intestine

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31
Q

Along with cholecystokinin (CCK), gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) functions to…

A

All of the above

a-inhibit parietal secretions in the stomach
b-inhibit peristaltic activities in the stomach
c-inhibit chief sales secretions in the stomach

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32
Q

The negative feedback control of HCI secretion in the gastric phase of gastric regulation is mainly by…

A

Both a decrease in gastrin and increase in somatostatin secretion

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33
Q

All of the following hormones are secreted by the small intestine except…

A

Gastrin

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34
Q

Salivary amylase is partially digests______ by breaking it down into ________molecules.

A

Starch, maltose

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35
Q

The majority of hydrolysis of disaccharides occurs by the actions of…

A

Brush border enzymes

36
Q

Which hormone targets the Hepatopancreatic sphincter, causing it to open and release bile into the duodenum of the small intestine?

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

37
Q

How do plicae circulars, intestinal villi, and microvilli contribute to digestion?

A

They are structures that help to improve the efficiency of nutrient absorption in the small intestine

38
Q

The two hormones involved in the production and release of bile are released by the…

A

Small intestine

39
Q

Movement of water out of the alimentary canal is by..

A

Osmosis

40
Q

Dilates intestinal capillaries for nutrient absorption

A

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)

41
Q

Relaxes the hepatopancreatic sphincter for bile and enzyme release

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

42
Q

Increases bile secretion by liver and buffer secretion by pancreas

A

Secretin

43
Q

Stimulates mucus secretions by intestinal cells

A

Enterocrinin

44
Q

Stimulates the pancreas to release insulin

A

Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)

45
Q

Which of the following is an emulsifier?

A

bile

46
Q

Which of these best describes the internal and external anal sphincter muscles?

A

The internal anal sphincter is an involuntary muscle and the external anal sphincter is voluntary

47
Q

Derivatives of_____ called urobilins and stercobilins give feces a brown color.

A

Bilirubin

48
Q

Large intestine microflora perform all of the following tasks except…

A

Produce intrinsic factor

49
Q

If a bacterium living in our gut produces a nutrient that we can use, then that bacterium is said to be…

A

Mutualistic

50
Q

All of these vitamins are produced in the large intestine EXCEPT:

A

Vitamin B12

51
Q

Yellow feces may be an indicator of…

A

Hyperbilirubinemia

52
Q

What are the chemicals indole and skatole responsible for?

A

Normal smell of feces

53
Q

In which of the following areas does carbohydrate digestion occur?

A

Mouth and small intestine

54
Q

Brush border enzymes are located on the plasma membrane of cells located here:

A

Small intestine

55
Q

All of the chemical reactions that occur in an organism make up that organisms…

A

Metabolism

56
Q

This contains all of the organic building blocks the cell needs in order to provide energy and create new cellular components..

A

Nutrient pool

57
Q

______is the universal energy carrier molecule for cells.

A

ATP

58
Q

Glycolysis ultimately converts glucose into two______ molecules.

A

Pyruvic acid

59
Q

To go through glycolysis, ______ATP per glucose molecule must be “invested” in order to activate the glucose molecule.

A

Two

60
Q

A net total (profit) of _______molecules of ATP are produced by glycolysis.

A

2

61
Q

What do the molecules NAD+ and FAD do?

A

The shuttle electrons and hydrogen ions to the electron transport system

62
Q

Which of the following are produced during glycolysis?

A

2 NADH molecules

63
Q

Which of the following reactions can occur regardless of whether oxygen is present or not?

A

Glycolysis

64
Q

Where in the cell does the citric acid cycle occur?

A

In the mitochondrial matrix

65
Q

Which of the following molecules enters the citric acid cycle and combines with oxaloacetic acid?

A

Acetyl coenzyme-A

66
Q

The generation of ATP within the mitochondrion as a result of a series of oxidation-reduction reactions along an electron transport system is known as:

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

67
Q

Where do the energetic electrons that are carried by NADH and FADH2 ultimately give up their energy?

A

At that electron transport system (ETS) on the inner membrane of the mitochondrion

68
Q

What does the electron transport system do?

A

Move hydrogen ions from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembranous space to produce a concentration gradient

69
Q

Each turn of the citric acid cycle produces….

A

1 FADH2, 1 ATP, and 3 NADH

70
Q

The greatest contribution of the citric acid cycle is the formation of significant amounts of…

A

NADH

71
Q

Energy lost during the process of aerobic cell respiration is given off as…

A

Metabolic heat

72
Q

The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain system is___.

A

Oxygen

73
Q

The transport of protons from the intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix during chemiosmosis occurs through this enzyme:

A

ATP synthase

74
Q

Which of the following can undergo metabolic conversion to Acetyl CoA and enter the Krebs cycle?

A

All of these choices are correct

a-glucose
b-fatty acids
c-protein

75
Q

A substance that has lost electrons is said to be…

A

Oxidized

76
Q

The production of ATP by way of an electron transport system in which a series of oxidation reduction reactions ultimately results on the phosphorylation of ADP to make ATP is known as…

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

77
Q

Which of the following is closest to the amount of ATP that a single glucose molecule can yield via aerobic respiration?

A

36 ATP

78
Q

This is the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors.

A

Gluconeogenesis

79
Q

Converting glucose into glycogen is the process of…

A

glycogenesis

80
Q

Which of the following processes is NOT a liver function?

A

Hydrolysis of sucrose

81
Q

_______is the opposite of glycogenesis.

A

Glycogenolysis

82
Q

Ketone bodies are produced by…

A

Excessive fat breakdown

83
Q

Excessive concentrations of Ketone bodies in the blood can result in…

A

Ketoacidosis

84
Q

During amino acid catabolisim,______ removes the amino group from an amino acid and attaches it to keto acid which is then converted into another amino acid that is available for protein synthesis.

A

Transamination

85
Q

The catabolic reaction which removes an amino group from an amino acid to prepare it for breakdown via the citric acid cycle and which yields an ammonium ion in the process is called…

A

Deamination

86
Q

The urea cycle uses toxic______ to synthesize urea which is ultimately excreted from the body.

A

Ammonium ions

87
Q

Anabolic reactions____ while catabolic reactions______.

A

Use energy, release energy

Physiology Final Flash!! (4 decks)

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