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Physiology Final Flash!! > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

2

Which of the following is correct?

A

Organs are made of tissues and tissues are made of cells.

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2
Q

3

Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?

A

Helps regulate body temperature.

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3
Q

1

Physiology….

A

Is the study of functions and anatomical structures.

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4
Q

4

All of the following are organs with an endocrine function EXCEPT….

A

Epidermis

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5
Q

5

Which organ system is responsible for defending your body against infection and disease?

A

Lymphatic

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6
Q

6

The pancreas has a function with these two organ systems:

A

Digestive and endocrine

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7
Q

7

The prostate gland is part of this organ system:

A

Male reproductive

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8
Q

8

______homeostatic regulatory mechanisms are “built-in” to the organs being regulated.

A

Intrinsic

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9
Q

9

______and______are often regulators of effectors in most extrinsic feedback mechanisms.

A

Hormones, neurotransmitters

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10
Q

10

Homeostasis is….

A

The maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment.

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11
Q

11
All of the following are examples of regulated variables that are maintained within homeostatic limits except one. Which one is not a regulated variable?

A

Hair length

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12
Q

12

The expected value of a regulated variable, such as a core body temperature of 37°C, is known as this:

A

Set point

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13
Q

13

A control center send instructions to a/an…..

A

Effector

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14
Q

14
When the air in your environment gets cold, Merkel cells in your skin sense the temperature change and send a message to your hypothalamus….which in turn send commands to your skeletal muscles causing them to rapidly contract and us generate heat as well as to the blood vessels in your arms and legs causing them to vasoconstrict in order to avoid losing precious heat to the environment. In this scenario, the Merkel cells are…

A

Receptors

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15
Q

15

Assuming it is part of a homeostatic negative feedback system, a decrease in mean arterial pressure will be detected by

A

A sensor

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16
Q

17

All of the following organ systems are involved in the homeostasis of body temperature EXCEPT:

A

Digestive system

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17
Q

18
When you cut yourself and bleed, cell fragments called platelets begin to stick to the tear in the blood vessel wall. As they stick to it, they release a chemical that causes more platelets to stick to the pile of already sticky platelets. As more platelets pile on to the platelets on the wound site, more of the chemical is released to cause even more platelets to become sticky. This scenario describes:

A

A positive feedback system

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18
Q

19

Negative feedback is NOT involved in the regulation of ….

A

Blood clotting

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19
Q

20

The primary role of a positive feedback loop is to ….

A

Temporarily suspend homeostasis while parts of your body recycle themselves.

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20
Q

21
Your pancreas is constantly secreting sodium bicarbonate in response to pH levels where the stomach empties into the small intestine.Even though the pH of chyme coming in from the stomach is about 2.0, the sodium bicarbonate helps keep the pH in this region close to neutral (7.0). What kind of feedback mechanism is this?

A

Negative

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21
Q

22

Failure of the body to maintain homeostatic conditions results in…

A

Disease or death

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22
Q

23

Which of the following contributes to the mass of an atom?

A

Protons and neutrons only

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23
Q

25

The number of protons an element has is also equal to…

A

The atomic number for that element

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24
Q

26

The box to the right has information regarding the element zinc. What does the number 30 in the box tell you?

A

The number of protons the element has

                      zinc
                       30
                       Zn 
                      65.39
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25
Q

27

Given the information in the box in the previous question can you determine the exact neutron number for zinc?

A

No

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26
Q

28

The first electron energy level can hold ______electrons before it fills.

A

2

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27
Q

29

The ______electrons are the outermost electrons of an atom.

A

Valence

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28
Q

30

The number of valence electrons an atom has determines…

A

All of the above

(Which column it is placed under on the table of elements, how many covalent bonds it can form, and whether it is considered any electron donor or acceptor)

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29
Q

31

Isotopes have the same _____number, but a different_____ number.

A

Atomic, mass

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30
Q

32

In one atom of the isotope 117I, what does the number 117 represent?

A

The mass number

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31
Q

34

When an atom loses one or more electrons, it…

A

Becomes positively charged

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32
Q

35

How many electrons does nitrogen ion have?

A

10

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33
Q

36

An atom with 5 protons, 5 neutrons, and 6 electrons would have a mass number of….

A

10

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34
Q

37

An atom with five protons, five neutrons, and six electrons would have a net charge of…

A

-1

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35
Q

38

In our bodies, potassium (K) often occurs as an ion (K+). Why?

A

Potassium has one valence electron and it easily donates it, leaving itself with a positive charge.

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36
Q

39

When oxygen ionizes, what is its charge?

A

-2

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37
Q

40

Which of the following correctly represents the calcium ion?

A

Ca2+

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38
Q

41

Which of these is a cation?

A

Mg2+

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39
Q

42

In chemical notation, the symbol Mg2+ means_____

A

A magnesium atom that has lost two electrons

40
Q

43

Ionic bonds, such as in sodium chloride (NaCl),_______

A

Are formed by the Association of ions with opposite charges.

41
Q

44

_______bonds are formed when atoms share electrons unequally.

A

Polar covalent

42
Q

45

All of the following can potentially form two bonds except:

A

Chlorine

43
Q

46

Which of the following would be most easily broken?

A

A hydrogen bond

44
Q

47
A bond that forms between polar molecules (such as between two water molecules) and which allows molecules to dissolve in water is…..

A

A hydrogen bond

45
Q

48
Sulfur naturally occurs with a mass number of either 32, 33, 34, or 36. What do all these variations in the sulfur atom have in common?

A

They all will always have the same number of protons.

46
Q

49

Anabolic reactions_____ energy while catabolic ______reactions energy.

A

Use, release

47
Q

51
Molecules that are made or broken down in the body such as the carbon dioxide released during glucose combustion are known as…

A

Metabolites

48
Q

52

When salt is dissolved in water, salt is considered the_____ and water is the______.

A

Solute, solvent

49
Q

53

Which of the following are insoluble in water?

A

Non-polar molecules

50
Q

54

Inorganic ions that conduct electricity in solution are known as_______.

A

Electrolytes

51
Q

55

Which of the following is not an important property of water in living things?

A

Water has the ability to dissolve all other molecules.

52
Q

56

Hydrophilic substances are______ while hydrophobic substances are_____

A

Soluble in water, insoluble in water

53
Q

57

The amount of solute dissolved in a solvent is referred to as this:

A

Concentration

54
Q

62

The pH value of a neutral solution is…

A

7

55
Q

63

In an acidic solution, the concentration of hydrogen ions ______the concentration of hydroxide ions.

A

Is greater than

56
Q

64

Bases will_____ protons (hydrogen ions) in a solution.

A

Accept

57
Q

65

Which of the following pH values would represent a strong base?

A

14

58
Q

66

The pH value of a solution increases as the______ ion concentration decreases.

A

Hydrogen

59
Q

67

Which of the following pH values has a lower concentration of protons (hydrogen ions)?

A

14

60
Q

68

The pH range of human blood is:

A

7.35-7.45

61
Q

69

Buffers work by accepting and releasing _____in order to resist changes in the pH of a solution.

A

Protons

62
Q

70

Molecules that contain carbon and hydrogen atoms are

A

Organic

63
Q

72
Molecules such as carboxyl groups (-COOH) and amino groups (-NH2) that determine the chemistry of organic molecules are known as….

A

Functional groups

64
Q

73

Sucrose is a_______ that is composed of the monomers glucose and fructose.

A

Disaccharide

65
Q

74

The polysaccharide produced by the liver to store large amounts of glucose in humans (and other animals) is:

A

Glycogen

66
Q

75

An example of a monosaccharide is

A

Glucose

67
Q

76

Humans digest______and synthesize_____.

A

Starch, glycogen

68
Q

77

Which of the following disaccharides can do both digested and synthesized by some humans?

A

Lactose

69
Q

78
The chemical reaction______ is used to digest macromolecules like polysaccharides and proteins while______ is used to synthesize them.

A

Hydrolysis, dehydration synthesis

70
Q

79

Which of these reactions releases water as a waste product?

A

Dehydration synthesis

71
Q

80

Which of the following is NOT a type of lipid?

A

Glycogen

72
Q

81

Triglycerides are composed of glycerol and three_______.

A

Fatty acids

73
Q

82

How many water molecules are produced during the formation of one triglyceride molecule?

A

Three

74
Q

83

Unsaturated fatty acids

A

All of these are true

(Contain one or more double bonds. Are usually liquid at room temperature. Do not have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms bonded to them. )

75
Q

84
The hydrolysis of triglycerides forms free fatty acids. These can be used for cellular energy, or they may be converted into______ by the liver which can often cause the blood to become______.

A

Ketone bodies, acidic

76
Q

85

Phospholipids and glycolipids…

A

All of these describe phospholipids and glycolipids.

Are structural lipids. Are major components of the cell membrane. Have a polar head and a nonpolar tail

77
Q

86
Lipids produced by nearly all nucleated cells in the body and that have regulatory functions such as vasodilation, vasoconstriction, and bronchodilation are known as:

A

Prostaglandins

78
Q

87
(Has a picture)
What General kind of molecule shown below?

A

Steroid

79
Q

88

How many different amino acids are used to synthesize proteins?

A

20

80
Q

89

Which of the following is not part of the typical amino acid skeleton?

A

CH3

81
Q

90

Peptide bonds are formed by the process of

A

Dehydration synthesis

82
Q

91
Consider the following chemical reaction: amino acid + amino acid ➡️ dipeptide + water. This reaction is known as a______ reaction.

A

Dehydration synthesis

83
Q

92

The secondary structure of proteins is/are….

A

Alpha helix coils and beta-pleated sheet folds of a protein strand.

84
Q

93

The primary structure of proteins is/are

A

The linear arrangement of amino acids in the molecule.

85
Q

94

Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions are known as…

A

Enzymes

86
Q

95

When a protein loses its structure due to extreme heat or acidic conditions, protein is said to be:

A

Denatured

87
Q

96

The first step in an enzymatic reaction is the building of the _______molecule(s) to the active site.

A

Substrate

88
Q

97

Glycoproteins and proteoglycans are proteins conjugated with______.

A

A carbohydrate

89
Q

98

Which of the following is NOT a component of a nucleotide?

A

A lipid

90
Q

99

Which of the following is NOT a component of DNA?

A

Uracil

91
Q

100

The backbone of a DNA molecule is a chain of

A

Alternating deoxyribose sugar and phosphate.

92
Q

101

Each of the following is a characteristic of RNA molecules except….

A

Is double-stranded

93
Q

102

Which of the following is NOT one of the three types of RNA?

A

dRNA

94
Q

103

Lesser-known nucleate acids such as ATP, cANP, NAD+ and FAD all contain sugar________.

A

Ribose

95
Q

104

The base that is found on RNA but not DNA is

A

Uracil

96
Q

105

Structurally, what is the difference between ADP and ATP?

A

Two phosphates vs. three phosphates

97
Q

106

Phosphorylation is…

A

Transferring a phosphate molecule from one compound to another.

Physiology Final Flash!! (4 decks)

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