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Physiology Final Flash!! > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following is a type of somatic cell?

A

Hepatocyte

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2
Q

Cytoplasm is also known as _____fluid

A

Intracellular

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3
Q

Blood plasma is classified as an_____ fluid

A

Extracellular

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4
Q

How are the phospholipids arranged to form the plasma membrane?

A

Double layer with hydrophobic tails facing inward toward each other

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5
Q

Which of the following best describes proteins that transport substances across the cell membrane?

A

Integral proteins

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6
Q

Membrane proteins that function to label cells as normal or abnormal as well as “nametags” for cells are…

A

Recognition proteins

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7
Q

Insulin is a hormone that binds to a molecule on the cell membrane and “ gives permission” for the cell to take up glucose. What kind of membrane protein does insulin bind to?

A

Receptor protein

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8
Q

Folds of the plasma membrane that increase surface area are called

A

Microvilli

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9
Q

What protein are microtubules composed of?

A

Tubulin

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10
Q

Microtubules and microfilaments are the primary components of the

A

Cytoskeleton

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11
Q

Which of the following is an example of an intermediate filament?

A

Collagen

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12
Q

Which of the following organ systems have some organs containing ciliated cells?

A

Respiratory system

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13
Q

What process involves the destruction of the cell by lysosomes?

A

Autolysis

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14
Q

Membrane enclosed organelles containing oxidative enzymes that form hydrogen peroxide are known as…

A

Peroxisomes

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15
Q

The folded inner membranes of mitochondria are called

A

Cristae

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16
Q

The organelle that acts as enzymes for protein synthesis is the

A

Ribosome

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17
Q

Cells actively involved in secreting proteins would contain large numbers or quantities of

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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18
Q

What organelle functions to chemically modified Cellular Products and package them in vesicles?

A

Golgi apparatus

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19
Q

Ribosomes are produced here

A

Nucleolus

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20
Q

Liver cells that produce a lot of glycogen probably have large concentrations of this organelle:

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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21
Q

The genetic instructions for producing proteins ultimately come from…

A

DNA

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22
Q

Which of the following enzymes is responsible for the production of messenger RNA (mRNA)?

A

RNA polymerase

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23
Q

The functional units of DNA, which hold the instructions for the production of a single protein, are…

A

Genes

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24
Q

The beginning of a gene is marked by a series of nucleotides called a…

A

Promoter sequence

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25
Q

On a gene, this series of nucleotides carries the actual code for a protein.

A

Coding strand

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26
Q

RNA polymerase makes a complementary copy of this series of nucleotides during transcription.

A

Template strand

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27
Q

Pre-mRNA (un-edited mRNA) contains non-coding regions called

A

Introns

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28
Q

The process whereby a complementary mRNA molecule is produced from a DNA template is called…

A

Transcription

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29
Q

The plasma membrane separates the ______from the______

A

Extracellular fluid; cytoplasm

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30
Q

A sequence of three nucleotides on a gene represents the code for…

A

One amino acid

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31
Q

Once transcription is completed, a sequence of three nucleotides on the mRNA molecule is called this:

A

Codon

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32
Q

How does mRNA get out of the nucleus?

A

Passes through nuclear pores

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33
Q

The first codon used during the synthesis of all proteins is…

A

AUG

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34
Q

______has the function of bringing amino acids to the ribosome during translation.

A

tRNA

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35
Q

During translation,______is synthesized in the_______.

A

A protein: cytoplasm

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36
Q

Which of the following contains the anti-codon used during translation?

A

tRNA

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37
Q

If the coding strand of a gene included the following nucleotides: ACTGCC…what nucleotide sequence would the corresponding mRNA molecule be composed of?

A

ACUGCC

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38
Q

A gene that is 90 nucleotides long would yield a protein that has this many amino acids:

A

30

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39
Q

If a protein is composed of 60 amino acids, how many codons (excluding the STOP codon) will make up the mRNA molecule transcribed from the gene for this protein?

A

60

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40
Q

A solution consists of a ______which dissolves the_______.

A

Solvent, solute

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41
Q

Movement of lipid soluble molecules across a cell membrane from an area of high concentration to one of low concentration occurs via….

A

Simple diffusion

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42
Q

Which of the following is able to freely and passively penetrate the plasma membrane?

A

O2

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43
Q

Molecules tend to move spontaneously______ their chemical gradient because of________.

A

Down : Kinetic energy from electrons

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44
Q

Diffusion will continue to occur…

A

Until the concentration gradient disappears and equilibrium is reached

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45
Q

The rate of diffusion is influenced by

A

All of the choices are correct

The size concentration gradient. The size of the diffusing molecules. Membrane permeability

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46
Q

What will possibly happen to a red blood cell if placed into a hypotonic solution?

A

It will swell

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47
Q

In order for osmosis to occur, all of the following conditions have to exist EXCEPT…

A

There must be a minimum of two different molecules other than water in the solute

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48
Q

Which of the following is true regarding osmosis?

A

Water flows from an area of high water concentration to one of lower water concentration.

49
Q

In facilitated diffusion, _______

A

A molecule is moved with its concentration gradient with the assistance of a carrier protein, and no energy is required.

50
Q

When the movement of glucose into the cell by way of facilitated diffusion accidentally brings Na+ into the cell, energy must be expended to move the Na+ back out of the cell. This is an example of….

A

Secondary active transport

51
Q

When we use the terms isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic to describe a solution, we are referring to the:

A

Solute concentration

52
Q

Let’s say you put a cell into solution ‘A’ and the cell bursts. Then you put another cell with the exact same solute concentration into solution ‘B’ and it swells, but it doesn’t burst. What does this tell you about the two solutions?

A

Both solutions are hypotonic to the cells, and solution ‘A’ is hypotonic to solution ‘B’

53
Q

Cells placed in hypotonic solutions will…

A

Gain water from the solution

54
Q

The concentration of an anion inside a cell is 3%. The concentration of this anion outside the cell is 1%. If needed, how could the cell obtain more of this ion inside the cell?

A

Active transport

55
Q

Ion channels that can be opened by some kind of physiological stimulus are said to be..

A

Gated

56
Q

Active transport

A

Utilizes energy.

57
Q

The Na+/K+ pump transports______into the cell and _____ out of the cell per cycle.

A

2 K+ , 3 Na+

58
Q

White blood cells are an important component of our immune system. One thing they do is consume and destroy bacteria by extending their plasma membrane around the bacterium and bringing it inside the cell in a vesicle and then digesting it. By what process do the engulf the bacterium?

A

Phagocytosis

59
Q

Phagosomes often fuse with the membrane of which of the following organelles to be digested?

A

Lysosome

60
Q

This characteristic of a cell is a reflection of the unequal distribution of cations and anions across the plasma membrane.

A

Transmembrane potential

61
Q

Comparing intracellular to extracellular fluid, the intracellular fluid has a _____charge relative to the outside of a cell due to the presence of more ______in that solution.

A

Negative : anions

62
Q

The cellular process responsible for cell division of somatic cells is known as:

A

Mitosis

63
Q

Two sister chromatids attached by a centromere represent:

A

One chromosome

64
Q

During the cell cycle, DNA is replicated during the_____ stage of______.

A

S, interphase

65
Q

What does the enzyme DNA-helicase do?

A

It facilitates the unwinding of DNA for the purposes of replication and transcription.

66
Q

How many pairs of sister chromatids occur in a human cell that is in prophase?

A

46 pairs

67
Q

What are the spindle fibers that are used to control chromosome movement during mitosis composed of?

A

Microtubules

68
Q

Centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell during…

A

Prophase

69
Q

Chromosomes are lined up at the equator of the cell during this stage of mitosis:

A

Metaphase

70
Q

Sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cell during…

A

Anaphase

71
Q

During this mitotic stage, nuclear membranes re-form around the DNA, nucleoli reappear, and the cytoplasm continues to divide and separate into two cells.

A

Telophase

72
Q

Benign tumors differ from malignant tumors in this way:

A

They do not metastasize

73
Q

What happens to a cell when tumor-suppressor genes mutate?

A

The cell divides out of control and forms a tumor.

74
Q

Without an activated Cyclin D protein…

A

The cell cannot transition from the G1 to the S stage of interphase

75
Q

Tumor suppressor genes code for the production of proteins that…

A

Inhibit activation of cyclin- dependent kinases

76
Q

Cellular apoptosis is achieved by the bursting of these organelles within the cell:

A

Lysosomes

77
Q

Loss of DNA sequences at the ends of chromosomes in the_____ region may cause cell senescence.

A

Telomere

78
Q

Cancer cells can most likely divide indefinitely due to the activity of an enzyme called…

A

Telomerase

79
Q

The part of the neuron that initially receives either sensory information or motor commands is the:

A

Dendrite

80
Q

The thick, proximal region of the axon is known as this:

A

Axon hillock

81
Q

The myelin sheaths of the CNS neurons are produced by…

A

oligodendrocytes

82
Q

The gap of exposed axon in the myelin sheath is the…

A

Nose of Ranvier

83
Q

Which of the following cells would have the greater electrical attraction for sodium ions to enter the cell?

A

Cell with a membrane potential = -90mV

84
Q

The membrane potential at which the electrical force equals the chemical force acting in opposite directions for a specific ion and its concentration gradient is known as that ions…

A

Equilibrium potential

85
Q

Let’s assume that a cell has a membrane potential of -70 mV. Assuming the concentration gradients for each of these ions are equal, which would have a greater magnitude of force to try to enter the cell?

A

Ca2+

86
Q

The membrane of resting nerve cells is more permeable to_______ions than ______ions.

A

Potassium, sodium

87
Q

Which of the following correctly describes the distribution of sodium and potassium ions in a neuron?

A

There are more sodium ions outside the cell and more potassium ions inside the cell

88
Q

Ion channels to open or close in response to a change in membrane potential are called

A

Voltage-gated channels

89
Q

What type of ion channels open or close in response to a neurotransmitter binding to its receptor?

A

Chemical-gated channels

90
Q

Which of the following best describes the characteristics of the sodium and potassium channels that exist on the axons of neurons?

A

Sodium channels are gated while potassium channels can be either gated or leaky

91
Q

The opening of sodium channels causes a rapid______ of sodium that ______the neuron’s membrane.

A

Influx : depolarizes

92
Q

Blocking_____ channels would prevent neuronal depolarization.

A

Na+

93
Q

The minimum depolarization value needed to open the Na+ gates is called the…

A

Threshold

94
Q

Which of the following is responsible for repolarization?

A

Outward diffusion of K+

95
Q

If the resting membrane potential of a nerve cell is -70 mV, which of the following would represent the membrane potential of that same cell in a depolarized state?

A

-10mV

96
Q

Which of the following would result in the hyperpolarization of a neuron?

A

A stimulus that resulted in the Efflux of K1+ ions

97
Q

Which of the following changes in membrane potential is considered excitatory?

A

Depolarization only

98
Q

Every time an action potential occurs, the membrane potential changes from -70 mV to +30 mV. Which of the following occurs at +30 mV and prevents the membrane potential from getting any more positive?

A

Both ‘a’ and ‘b’ are correct

a-The voltage-regulated sodium inactivation gates close

b-The voltage-regulated potassium gates open

99
Q

The hyperpolarization of a nerve cell:

A

Decreases the chances for an action potential to occur by increasing the distance between the membrane potential and the threshold value

100
Q

Conduction of an action potential in a myelinated axon is called_____ and is _____than in an unmyelinated neuron.

A

Saltatory propagation, faster

101
Q

Chemicals that stimulate action potentials in postsynaptic cells are called…

A

Neurotransmitters

102
Q

The influx of calcium into the axon terminal of a chemical synapse is responsible for the______.

A

Fusion of vesicles to the membrane and the exocytosis of neurotransmitter molecules

103
Q

A neurotransmitter can be considered excitatory if it______ a muscle, gland, or another neuron.

A

Depolarizes

104
Q

An action potential is accomplished by…

A

A positive feedback mechanism

105
Q

After an action potential has occurred and acetylcholine has been released, acetylcholine is decomposed into acetate and choline by______ which are then reabsorbed by the______ to re-form acetylcholine.

A

Acetylcholinesterase, pre-synaptic membrane

106
Q

Synaptic vesicles store______.

A

Neurotransmitter

107
Q

After an action potential, the neuron uses sodium-potassium exchange pumps to restore the proper balance of sodium and potassium ion concentrations on both sides of the membrane. This is accomplished via…

A

Active transport

108
Q

Neurotransmitter release would be inhibited by…

A

Blocking Ca2+ influx in the axon terminal

109
Q

Acetylcholine usually induces an excitatory postsynaptic potential when binding to_______ receptors and an inhibitory postsynaptic potential when binding to some______receptors.

A

Nicotinic, muscarinic

110
Q

When a neurotransmitter cannot recycle fast enough to keep up with the constant stimuli, a neuron can experience this:

A

Synaptic fatigue

111
Q

This hormone also functions as a neurotransmitter and is important in the formation of memories.

A

Norepinephrine

112
Q

This neurotransmitter works synergistically with acetylcholine to allow for smooth muscle contraction and movement.

A

Dopamine

113
Q

SSRI’s such as Zoloft and Luvox prevent reuptake enzymes from removing this neurotransmitter out of the synaptic cleft.

A

Serotonin

114
Q

Which of the following drugs can cause paralysis by blocking postsynaptic receptor sites?

A

Curare

115
Q

Which neurotransmitter is a structural mimic of LSD and is displaced when LSD is present… Thus resulting in hallucinations and other distortions of reality.

A

Serotonin

116
Q

Which of the following drugs inhibit or reduces postsynaptic activity by blocking Na+ channels?

A

Novocain

117
Q

Which of the following drugs works by “decreasing the distance” between the threshold value and the resting membrane potential?

A

Caffeine

118
Q

All of the following prevent cholinergic synaptic activity except:

A

Caffeine

119
Q

Botulinum toxin functions by…

A

Inhibiting the release of acetylcholine

Physiology Final Flash!! (4 decks)

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