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Physiology Final Flash!! > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin are produced by neurons and ultimately secreted into the blood via interstitial fluid… Thus they are referred to as…

A

Neurohormones

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2
Q

The chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands are better known as:

A

Hormones

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3
Q

Hydrophilic hormones…

A

Have their actions mediated by second messengers

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4
Q

Hormones that bind to nuclear receptor proteins ultimately stimulate____ in the target cell.

A

Gene transcription

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5
Q

Which of the following pairs of hormones are neurohormones?

A

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

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6
Q

The adenohypophysis _____hormones, and the neurohypophysis _______hormones.

A

Produces and releases, stores and releases

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7
Q

The release of hormones by the pituitary gland is controlled by releasing and inhibiting factors released from the______.

A

Hypothalamus

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8
Q

Which of the following is NOT released by the adenohypophysis?

A

Oxytocin

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9
Q

Cortisol secretion would cease if the ______no longer secreted ACTH.

A

Anterior pituitary gland

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10
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone, or ACTH, targets the_______.

A

Adrenal cortex

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11
Q

Growth would be inhibited by…

A

Increasing somatostatin secretion

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12
Q

Abnormally low production of these hormones during childhood results in the inability to produce gametes.

A

Luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone

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13
Q

Where is oxytocin produced?

A

Hypothalamus

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14
Q

Over secretion of growth hormone in children causes…

A

Gigantism

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15
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) targets the______ and promotes______.

A

Kidney : the reabsorption of water

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16
Q

What neurotransmitter doubles as a hormone to inhibit the release of prolactin?

A

Serotonin

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17
Q

Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin are…

A

Produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary gland.

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18
Q

Diabetes insipidus and polyuria are the result of a reduce production of…

A

Antidiuretic hormone

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19
Q

What hormone is responsible for the male tendency to fall asleep after sex?

A

Prolactin

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20
Q

An increase in growth hormone production during adulthood can lead to an endocrine disorder known as…

A

Acromegaly

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21
Q

Antidiuretic hormone is released by the neurohypophysis in response to all of the following EXCEPT:

A

An increase in platelet concentration

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22
Q

Which of the following hormones targets the memory glands, causing them to release milk?

A

Oxytocin

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23
Q

Which three glands and/or organs are primarily responsible for producing hormones that maintain the homeostasis of calcium ions in our bodies?

A

The thyroid, parathyroid, and kidney

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24
Q

Aldosterone stimulates the_____ of sodium ions and the______ of potassium ions at the kidneys.

A

Reabsorption, secretion

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25
Q

Aldosterone is part of the class of hormones known as…

A

Mineralocorticoids

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26
Q

The hypersecretion of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids can result in..

A

Addison’s disease

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27
Q

Which of the following is NOT an action of aldosterone secretion?

A

Raises blood glucose levels

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28
Q

Overproduction of corticosteroids as a result of too much adrenocorticotropic hormone in the blood often results in this diagnosis:

A

Cushing’s syndrome

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29
Q

What element is necessary for production of thyroxine?

A

Iodine

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30
Q

Of the various hormones produced by the thyroid gland, which is the “active” variety of thyroid hormone that is responsible for increasing metabolic activity in cells?

A

Triiodothyronine (T3)

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31
Q

An individual with bulging eyes may…

A

B secreting excessive thyroid hormone

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32
Q

Goiter is the result of…

A

All of the above

a-insufficient dietary iodide
b-hypertrophy of the thyroid gland
c-low negative feedback of T3 and T4 to high TSH levels

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33
Q

Which of the following is an autoimmune disorder that affects thyroid gland function?

A

Graves’ disease

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34
Q

Erythropoietin targets____ and stimulates red blood cell production as a response to _____in the kidneys.

A

Red bone marrow, low oxygen levels

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35
Q

Insulin is produced by _____cells in the pancreas and targets the body’s cells causing them to_____

A

Beta, take up glucose

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36
Q

What hormone stimulates the production and release of calcitriol by the kidneys?

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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37
Q

When calcium ion levels are lower than normal in the blood, the hormone _______targets bones and increases the activities of________.

A

Parathyroid hormone, osteoclasts

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38
Q

Parafollicular cells in the _____produce______.

A

Thyroid gland, calcitonin

39
Q

The pancreas secretes hormones involved in regulation of…

A

Blood glucose

40
Q

Which of the following hormones is not produced by the pancreas?

A

Somatotropin

41
Q

Gestational diabetes…

A

Is a hormone disorder restricted to pregnant women

42
Q

Glucagon is released by ____cells in the pancreas in response to____ blood glucose levels.

A

Alpha, low

43
Q

Which of the following hormones is released by the kidneys and plays an important role in maintaining the homeostasis of blood pressure?

A

Renin

44
Q

Which of the following PAIRS of hormones DO NOT complete each other’s negative feedback loops?

A

Luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone

45
Q

Thymosin is produced by the_____ and it stimulates the maturation of______.

A

Thymus, T-cells

46
Q

During ovulation, if the egg DOES become fertilized, which of the following will occur?

A

The corpus luteum will stop producing progesterone and the placenta will start producing both progesterone and human chorionic gonadotropin for the duration of pregnancy

47
Q

The trigger for the release of atrial natriuretic peptide is…

A

The expansion of the atrial walls of the heart

48
Q

There you are sitting on a barstool, somewhat sad because you just failed your physiology exam. You had about 8 captain and cokes and you’re on your fifth bowl of very salty popcorn. By the end of the night, you are so wicked dehydrated… With lots of sodium in your ECF and lots of clear urine finding its way to the toilet. from an endocrine standpoint, two hormones have been inhibited during your night at the bar: 1) what hormone has been inhibited as a result of drinking away your sorrows? 2) what hormone has been released as a result of your addiction to salty popcorn?

A

1)antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and 2) atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

49
Q

How much blood does the average-sized adult have?

A

5 Liters

50
Q

Which of the following is true of veins?

A

Veins carry blood to the heart

51
Q

Which of the following is considered the most abundant formed element in blood?

A

Erythrocytes

52
Q

Blood has a pH that is:

A

Slightly basic

53
Q

Blood has an average temperature that is…

A

Warmer than the body’s core temperature

54
Q

The process of blood cell formation is…

A

Hematopoiesis

55
Q

Which of the plasma proteins has an immune function?

A

Globulins

56
Q

Albumin in the blood plasma contributes to the homeostasis of…

A

Blood volume

57
Q

Which of the following blood pH readings might call for a diagnosis of acidosis?

A

7.0

58
Q

And oxygenated hemoglobin molecule is ______in color and is also referred to as______.

A

Bright red, oxyhemoglobin

59
Q

Hemoglobin molecules bound to carbon dioxide take on a maroon or burgundy color and are called…

A

Carbaminohemoglobin

60
Q

Where do adults manufacture erythrocytes?

A

Bone marrow

61
Q

Platelets are actually fragments of stem cells called____ which are found in the bone marrow.

A

Megakaryocytes

62
Q

Which of the following leukocytes contains granules with bactericidal chemicals in its cytoplasm?

A

Neutrophils

63
Q

In a healthy adult human, the rarest white blood cell in general circulation is the…

A

Basophil

64
Q

Where does the formation and maturation of most white blood cells take place?

A

Bone marrow

65
Q

The ability of leukocytes to squeeze through the blood vessel walls and enter into surrounding tissue is called…

A

Diapedesis

66
Q

Chemicals released by cells that serve to signal a nearby cell within the same tissue are known as ______chemical messengers.

A

Paracrine

67
Q

Antibodies -the functional units of the immune response- are produced by…

A

Lymphocytes

68
Q

When the wrong blood type is given to a patient, the anti-bodies in the patient’s blood react with antigens on the surface of the transfused blood causing a reaction called…

A

Agglutination

69
Q

In the blood, if a ‘B’ antigen (agglutinogen) comes into contact with an ‘a’ antibody (agglutinin), what will probably happen?

A

Nothing -these are normally found together

70
Q

Name the blood type that has all three antigens (agglutinogens) present on the erythrocyte.

A

AB+

71
Q

What is the blood type of a person who is plasma carries a ‘b’ antibody (agglutinin) and whose red blood cells carry the ‘A’ and ‘D’ antigens (agglutinogens)?

A

A+

72
Q

What agglutinins (antibodies) would a person with a ‘B-‘ blood have in their plasma?

A

‘a’ only

73
Q

Can a patient with type A- blood receive a whole blood donation from a person with A+ blood?

A

Yes- but only one time… after that the patient will carry the ‘d’ antibody (agglutinin).

74
Q

Which of the following blood types can be considered the best universal packed cell donor?

A

O-

75
Q

Erythroblastosis fetalis can occur when…

A

The mother has Rh- blood and the fetus has Rh+ blood

76
Q

Which of the following blood types can be considered a universal packed cell recipient?

A

AB+

77
Q

Hemostasis is defined as…

A

The cessation of bleeding

78
Q

Which of the following does NOT inhibit platelet aggregation?

A

Von Willebrand’s factor

79
Q

When platelets perform clotting functions they release serotonin, which…

A

Causes vasoconstriction

80
Q

What do ADP and thromboxane A2 do when they are released by platelets?

A

They cause other platelets to become sticky so that they adhere to themselves and form a platelet plug

81
Q

Which of the following stimulates the formation of the platelet plug?

A

All of the choices Aiden platelet plug formation
a-Von Willebrand’s factor
b-ADP
c-thromboxane A2

82
Q

Fibrin is the protein that is used to fix blood vessels that have been torn. It is probably…

A

Hydrophobic

83
Q

Which clotting factor is activated to start the extrinsic (trauma) pathway?

A

Clotting factor VII (7)

84
Q

Damage outside blood vessels caused by trauma results in the release of a substance called tissue thromboplastin (tissue factor), which starts a blood clotting shortcut. The shortcut is better known as:

A

The extrinsic pathway

85
Q

Both the intrinsic and extrinsic clotting pathways ultimately activate_____

A

Clotting factor X (10)

86
Q

The conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin requires an activated enzyme that presides over the conversion process. This activated enzyme is:

A

Thrombin

87
Q

Which of the following are components of the intrinsic, extrinsic, and common clotting pathways?

A

Calcium ions and phospholipids

88
Q

Which of the following activates the intrinsic pathway?

A

Blood vessel collagen

89
Q

What does Kallikrein do?

A

It stimulates the activation of the enzyme plasmin, which breaks down fibrin

90
Q

Any substance that inhibits the production of one or more clotting factors is known as…

A

An anticoagulant

91
Q

Aspirin inhibits blood clotting by directly preventing…

A

Platelet plug formation

92
Q

Each of the following is an anticoagulant except:

A

Calcium ions

93
Q

Antithrombin III is a factor that blocks the effects of thrombin. Which anticoagulant listed below activates antithrombin III?

A

Heparin

Physiology Final Flash!! (4 decks)

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