Exam 4 Flashcards
The process thru which the real or implied presence of others can directly or indirectly influence the thoughts, feelings, and behavior of an individual
Social influence
Changing one’s own behavior to match that of other ppl.
Conformity. If a public response is required women to show more conformity
Asch’s classic study on Conformity
6 of 7 participants were confederates. Only next to last person a real participant. Confederates picked same incorrect line, real participant confirmed. Conformity increased with each new confederate until 4. Conformity decreased if 1 person picked correct answer
Kind of thinking that occurs when ppl place more importance on maintaining group cohesiveness than in assessing the facts of the problem with which the group is concerned
Groupthink
Characteristics of groupthink
Invulnerability (can’t fail), rationalization, lack of introspection, stereotyping, pressure, lack of disagreement, self description, insularity
Changing one’s behavior as a result of other ppl directing or asking for the change
Compliance
When authority exists and a behavior is changed as a result
Obedience
The scientific study of how a person’s thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by the real, imagined, or implied presence of others
Social psychology
Stanley Milgram’s obedience Study
Experiment where participants (teacher) where told to give a shock to the learner for each incorrect answer. 65% went all the way to 450 volts
Negative attitude held by a person about the members of a particular social group
Prejudice
Treating ppl differently because of prejudice toward the social group they belong
Discrimination
Social groups with whom a person identifies, us
In-group
Social groups with whom a person dOes not identify, them
Out-groups
Jane Elliott’s Brown Eyes, Blue Eyes experiment
Teacher taught children prejudice n discrimination by separating students according to eye color and treated one group unfairly. The group receiving unfair treatment scored lower when tested
The pattern of behavior that is expected of a person who is I a particular social position
Social role
rules of behavior that are considered acceptable in a group or society. When not followed people may be shunned or suffer some kind of consequence.
Social norms
Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Study 1971
Study about social roles/norms. About 70 people, mostly college students, were given roles of guards or inmates. After inmates staged a revolt, guards became more aggressive. The 14 day experiment was cancelled on the 5th day
Socially desirable behavior that benefits others
Prosocial behavior
Prosocial behavior that is done worth no expectation of reward and may involve the risk of harm to oneself
Altruism
1964 Catherine “Kitty” Genovese was stabbed, rapped and killed by a man she didn’t know. A police investigation determined at least 38 ppl heard or watched some part of the attack. No one called the police till it was over
Bystander effect and diffusion of responsibility
2007 LaShanda Calloway was stabbed to death in an convenience store. Surveillance captured 5 ppl who stepped over her and continued shopping and one person who stopped and took a picture of her
Bystander effect and diffusion of responsibility
Referring to the effect that the presence of other ppl has on the decision to help or not help, with help becoming less likely as the number of bystanders increases
Bystander effect
Occurring when a person fails to take responsibility for action or inaction because of the presence of other ppl who are seen to share responsibility
Diffusion of responsibility
Latane and Darley’s Smoke Experiment
Study on bystander effect and diffusion of responsibility
Participant alone 3/4 reported smoke
3 Participants about 1/3 reported smoke
Participants with confederate 1/10 reported smoke
Latane and Darley’s 5 Decision Points
Noticing Defining an emergency Taking responsibility Planning a course of action Taking action
Focuses on the role of the unconscious mind in the development of personality. Also heavily focused on biological causes of personality differences
Freud’s Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic perspective
the unique and relatively stable ways in which people think, feel, and behave
personality
Conscious Mind
part of mind aware of immediate thoughts, feelings, and emotions
Preconscious Mind
made of info that is available but not currently conscious
Unconscious Mind
contains info that is not easily accessible to the conscious mind. largest part of mind according to Freud
Psychoanalysis
Frued’s technique for helping people experiencing mental health issues involves talk therapy
Free Association
saying whatever comes to mind as you respond to specific word or phrase
Dream Analysis
analysis of dreams. Freud believed they were symbolic
Projective Technique
test that present a subject with an ambiguous(unclear) stimulus and asks them what they see (inkblot test)
Id
part of personality present at birth and completely unconscious. impulsive, demanding, pleasure seeking. inner child
pleasure principle
principle by which the id functions; the immediate satisfaction of needs without regard for the consequences
ego
develpops at 2-3 yrs old, part of the personality that develops out of a need to deal with reality, mostly conscious, rational and logical. constrains the id to reality and constrains the demands of the superego. should be strongest part of personality
reality principle
principle by which the ego functions; the satisfaction of the demands of the id only when negative consequences will not result
superego
develops around age 5. part of the personality that acts as a moral center. contains the conscience. wants you to uphold morals at all cost. not bound to reality
unconscious distortions of a person’s perception of reality that reduce stress and anxiety
psychological defense mechanisms
psychological defense mechanism in which the person refuses to acknowledge or recognize a threatening situation
denial
psychological defense mechanism in which the person refuses to consciously remember a threatening or unacceptable event, instead pushing those events into the unconscious mind
repression
psychological defense mechanism in which unacceptable or threatening impulses or feelings are seen as originating with someone else, usually the target of the impulses or feelings
projection
psychological defense mechanism in which a person forms an opposite emotional or behavioral reaction to the way he or she really feels to keep those true feelings hidden from self and others
reaction formation
psychological defense mechanism in which a person falls back on childlike patterns of responding in reaction to stressful situations
regression
first stage occurring in the first year to year and a half of life in which the mouth is the erogenous zone and weaning is primary conflict
oral stage
oral fixation adult behavior
overeating, drinking too much, chain smoking, talking too much, nail biting, gum chewing, and tendency to be either too dependent and optimistic(when the oral needs are over-induldged) or too a aggressive and pessimistic(when the oral needs are denied)
second stage occuring from about 1 or 1 1/2 years of age, in which the anus is the erogenous zone and toilet training is the source of conflict
anal stage
anal fixation adult behavior
sees messiness as a statement of personal control and who is somewhat destructive and hostile
anal expulsive personality
seen as slobs
anal retentive personality
usually stingy, stubborn, and excessively neat
third stage occurring from 3-6 years of age, in which the child discovers sexual feelings
phallic stage
Interaction of Id, Ego, & Superego
anxiety is a sign that the control of the ego is being threatened. a well balanced mind is free from anxiety
phallic fixation adult behavior
promiscuous sexual behavior and very vain. mama’s boys in men
fourth stage occurring during the school years, in which the sexual feelings of the child develops in other ways. social skills and intellectual skills, age 6- puberty
latency stage
final stage of development, puberty to death. entry into adult and sexual behavior
genital stage
any pattern of behavior that causes people significant distress, causes them to harm others, or harms their ability to function in daily life
psychological disorder
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V)
book that identifies the symptoms and criteria for all mental heath disorders
disorders in which the main symptom in excessive or unrealistic anxiety and fearfulness
anxiety disorders
an irrational, persistent fear of an object, situation, or social activity
phobia
fear of interacting with others or being in social situations that might lead to a negative evaluation
social anxiety disorder
fear of objects or specific situations or events
specific phobia
fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or impossible
angoraphobia
d/o in which panic attacks occur frequently enough to cause the person difficulty adjusting in life
panic disorder
sudden onset of intense panic in which multiple physical symptoms of stress occur, often with feelings that one is dying
panic attack
d/o in a person has feelings of dread and impending doom along with physical symptoms of stress, which last 6 months or more
generalized anxiety disorder
d/o in which intruding, recurring thoughts or obsessions create anxiety that is relieved by performing repetitive, ritualistic behavior or mental act(compulsion).
obsessive-compulsive disorder
d/o resulting from exposure to a major stressor, with symptoms of anxiety, dissociation, recurring nightmares, sleep disturbances, problems in concentration, and moments in which people seem to relive the event in dreams and flashbacks for as long as 1 month following the event
acute stress disorder (ASD)
d/o resulting from exposure to a major stressor, with symptoms of anxiety, dissociation, nightmares, poor sleep, reliving the event, and concentration problems, lasting 1 month, or first occurring 6 months or later after traumatic event
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
d/o in which moods is severely disturbed
mood disorders
severe depression that comes on suddenly and seems to have no external cause, or is too severe for current circumstances. women are twice as likely to be diagnosed as men
major depressive disorder
a mood d/o consisting of the same cognitive and physical problems as in depression, with less severe but longer-lasting symptoms. at least 2 years
persistent depressive disorder
severe mood swings between major depressive episodes and manic episodes
bipolar disorder
having the quality of excessive excitement, energy, and elation of irritability
manic
d/o in which there is a break in conscious awareness, memory, the sense of identity, or some combination
dissociative disorders
d/o occurring when a person seems to have two or more distinct personalities within one body
dissociative personality disorder
severe d/o in which the person suffers from disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, hallucinations, and inability to distinguish between fantasy and reality
schizophrenia
false beliefs held by a person who refuses to accept evidence of their falseness
delusions
false sensory perceptions, such as hearing voices that do not really exist
hallucinations
a lack of emotional responsiveness
flat effect
emotions are excessive or inappropriate
emotional distubances
behaviors are disorganized or off
behavioral disturbances
d/o in which a person adopts a persistent, rigid, and maladaptive pattern of behavior that interferes with normal social interactions
personality disorders
d/o in which person has no morals or conscience and often behaves in an impulsive manner without regard for the consequences of that behavior
antisocial personality disorder
maladaptive personality pattern in which the person is moody, unstable, lacks a clear sense of identity, and often slings to others
borderline personality disorder
