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Psyc 101 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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0
Q

Study of behavior n mental processes

A

Psychology

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1
Q

Father of psychology. Objective introspection

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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2
Q

The process of objectively examining and measuring one’s own thoughts and mental activities

A

Objective introspection

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3
Q

Focus on the basic elements of the structure of the mind

Founded by Edward Titchner

A

Structuralism

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4
Q

Founded structuralism

A

Edward Titcher

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5
Q

Founded gestalt psychology

A

Max Wertheimer

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6
Q

Early perspective of psych, studies how the mind allows ppl to adapt, live, work, and play
William James founded

A

Functionalism

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7
Q

Founded functionalism

Heavily influenced by Charles Darwin’s evolution and natural selection

A

William James

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8
Q

Focus on perception and sensation, patterns and while figures
A part of today’s cognitive psychology
Founded by Max Wertheimer

A

Gestalt psychology

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9
Q

Has medical degree
Diagnoses and treats psych disorders
Prescribes meds

A

Psychiatrist

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10
Q

M.D.
PhD
Psyd

A

Psychoanalyst

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11
Q

No medical degree

PhD psyd

A

Psychologist

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12
Q

Focuses more on the environmental conditions that can have an impact on mental disorders
M.S.W
L.S.W

A

Psychiatric Social Worker

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13
Q

System of gathering data so that bias and error are reduced

A

Scientific method

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14
Q

Scientific method

A 
Perceiving the question
Forming a hypothesis
Testing hypothesis
Drawing conclusions
Report results
Replicate results
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15
Q

Observing ppl or animals in their environment

A

Naturalistic observation

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16
Q

Tendency of ppl or animals to behave differently when they know they ate being observed

A

Observer effect

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17
Q

A naturalistic observation where the observer becomes a participant in the group being observed

A

Participant observation

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18
Q

Tendency of observer to see what they expect to see

A

Observer bias

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19
Q

Study of one individual in great detail

A

Case study

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20
Q

Randomly selected sample of subjects from a larger population

A

Representative sample

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21
Q

The entire group of interest

A

Population

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22
Q

Tendency of a test to produce the same scores again and again each time it is given to the same person

A

Reliability

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23
Q

Degree to which a test actually measures what it’s supposed to measure

A

Validity

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24
Q

Anything that can change/vary

A

Variable

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25
Q

A measure of relationship between two or more variables

A

Correlation

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26
Q

A number for measuring a correlation representing the direction of its relationship and its strength

A

Correlation coefficient

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27
Q

As one variable increases, so does the other

A

Positive correlation

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28
Q

As one variable increase, the other decreases

A

Negative correlation

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29
Q

Deliberate manipulation of a variable to see if corresponding changes in behavior result

A

Experiment

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30
Q

Variable in experiment that is manipulated by the experimenter

A

Independent variable

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31
Q

Variable in an experiment that represents the measurable response or behavior of subjects in the experiment

A

Dependent variable

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32
Q

Exposed to independent variable

A

Experimental group

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33
Q

Not exposed to independent variable, may receive placebo

A

Control group

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34
Q

Process of assigning subjects to the experimental or control groups randomly, so that each subject has an equal chance of being in either group

A

Random assignment

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35
Q

The expectations of participants in a study can influence their behavior

A

Placebo effect

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36
Q

Subjects don’t know if they are in the experimental or control group

A

Single-blinded study

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37
Q

Experimenters expectations for a study unintentionally influence the results of the study

A

Experimenter effect

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38
Q

Neither the experimenter or these subjects know if they are in the experimental or control group

A

Double-blinded study

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39
Q

An extensive network of specialized cells that carries info to and from all parts of the body

A

Nervous system

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40
Q

Transmits info to and from the CNS

A

Peripheral nervous system

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41
Q

Part of the PNS. Carries sensory info and controls movement if the skeletal muscles

A

Somatic Nervous System

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42
Q

Part of the PNS. Automatically regulates glands, internal organs and blood vessels, pupil dilation, digestion and B/P

A

Autonomic Nervous System

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43
Q

Part of autonomic nervous system. Maintains function under ordinary conditions. Saves energy

A

Parasympathetic division

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44
Q

Prepares the body to react and expand energy in times of stress (flight or fright)

A

Sympathetic division

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45
Q

The brain and spinal cord

A

Central Nervous System

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46
Q

Interprets and stores info and sends orders to muscles, glands, and organs

A

Brain

47
Q

Pathway connecting the brain and the peripheral nervous system

A

Spinal cord

48
Q

The basic cell that makes up the nervous system and receives and sends msgs within that system

A

Neurons

49
Q

The cell body of the neuron. Responsible for maintaining the life of the cell

A

Soma

50
Q

Branchlike structures that receive msgs from other neurons

A

Dendrites

51
Q

Tubelike structure that carries the neural msg to other cells

A

Axon

52
Q

3 main components of neurons

A

Soma, dendrites, axon

53
Q

Rounded areas on the end off axon terminals

A

Synaptic knobs

54
Q

Chemical found in the synaptic vesicles that, when released, has an effect on the next cell

A

Neurotransmitters

55
Q

Bundles of axons coated in myelin that travel together through the body

A

Nerves

56
Q

Cells that provide support for neurons to grow on and around, deliver nutrients to neurons, clean up waste products and dead neurons, influence info processing, and, during prenatal development, influence the generation of new neurons

A

Glial cells

57
Q

Fatty substances produced by certain glial cells that coat the axons of neurons to insulate, protect, and speed up neural impulse

A

Myelin

58
Q

Microscopic fluid filed space between the synaptic knob of one cell and the dendrites and surface of the next cell

A

Synaptic gap

59
Q

Outermost covering of the brain, consisting of densely packed neurons, responsible for higher thought processes and interpretation of sensory input

A

Cerebral Cortex

60
Q

Two sections of the cortex on the left and right sides of the brain

A

Cerebral hemispheres

61
Q

Thick band of neurons that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres

A

Corpus callosum

62
Q

Section of the brain located at the ready and bottom of each cerebral hemisphere. Contains the visual centres of the brain

A

Occipital lobe

63
Q

Section of the brain located at the top and back. Contains centers for touch, taste, and temperature sensations

A

Parietal lobe

64
Q

Area of neurons running down the front of the parietal lobes responsible for processing info from the skin and internal body receptors for touch, temp, body position, and possibly taste

A

Somatosensory cortex

65
Q

Located just behind the temples containing the neurons responsible for the sense of hearing and meaningful speech

A

Temporal lobes

66
Q

Located in front and top. Responsible for higher mental processes and decision making as well as production of fluid speech

A

Frontal lobes

67
Q

Section of frontal lobe located at the back, responsible for sending motor commands to the muscles of the somatic nervous system

A

Motor cortex

68
Q

Areas within each lobe of the cortex responsible for coordination and interpretation of information, as well as higher mental processing

A

Association Areas of the Cortex

69
Q

Area in left frontal lobe of the brain devoted to the production of speech

A

Broca’s Area

70
Q

Condition resulting from damage to Broca’s area, causing the affected person to be unable to speak fluently, to mispronounce words, and to speak haltingly

A

Broca’s Aphasia

71
Q

Area in left temporal lobe involved in understanding the meaning of words

A

Wernicke’s Area

72
Q

Condition resulting from damage to Wernicke’s area, causing the affected person to be unable to understand or produce meaningful language

A

Wernicke’s Aphasia

73
Q

The process that occurs when special receptors in sense organs are activated, allowing various forms of outside stimuli to beCome neural signals in the brain

A

Sensation

74
Q

Specialized forms of neurons. These receptor cells are stimulated by different kinds of energy. (Eyes by light, touch by pressure and temp)

A

Sensory receptors

75
Q

Tendency of the brain to stop attending to constant, unchanging info

A

Habituation

76
Q

Tendency of sensory receptor cells to become less responsive to a stimulus that is unchanging

A

Sensory adaption

77
Q

Clear membrane covering the eye. Bends light waves so images can be focused on the retina

A

Cornea

78
Q

Colored part of eye. its muscles controls size of pupil

A

Iris

79
Q

Iris opening that changes size depending on the amount of light in the environment

A

Pupil

80
Q

Changes shape to bring objects into focus(visual accommodation)

A

Lens

81
Q

A light-sensitive area at the back of the eye containing 3 layers: ganglion cells, bipolar cells, and rods and cones

A

Retina

82
Q

Sends visual info to the brain

A

Optic nerve

83
Q

Visual sensory receptors found in the back of the retina, responsible for color vision and sharpness of vision

A

Cones

84
Q

Visual sensory receptors found at the back of the retina, responsible for non-color sensitivity to low levels of light

A

Rods

85
Q

Caused by defective cones in retina

A

Color blindness

86
Q

Due to lack of functioning red cones (red-green color deficiency)

A

Protanopia

87
Q

Due to lack lack of functioning green cones

A

Deuternopia

88
Q

The vibrations of molecules of air that surrounds us

A

Sounds waves

89
Q

The visible part of the ear

A

Outer ear/pinna

90
Q

Short tunnel that runs from pinna to the eardrum

A

Auditory canal

91
Q

Eardrum

A

Tympanic membrane

92
Q

The hammer, anvil, stirrup. Vibration of these 3 bones amplifies vibrations from eardrum

A

Auditory ossicles

93
Q

A membrane whose vibrations set off another chain reaction within the inner ear

A

Oval window

94
Q

Snail-shaped structure of the inner ear that is fluid filled

A

Cochlea

95
Q

Organ of Corti, receptors for sound

A

Hair cells

96
Q

Bundle of axons from the hair cells in the inner ear

A

Auditory nerve

97
Q

The method by which the sensations are experienced at any given moment are interpreted and organized in some meaningful fashion

A

Perception

98
Q

The ability to perceive the world in 3d. Develops in early infancy if not present at birth

A

Depth perception

99
Q

A table with both a shallow and a “deep” side with glass covering the entire table. Used infants 6-14 months. 81% of babies refused to crawl over the “deep” side

A

The Visual Cliff ( Gibson& Walk,1960)

100
Q

Psychologist diagnose and treat ppl with psych disorders

A

Clinical psychology

101
Q

Psychologist help ppl with problems of adjustment

A

Counseling psychology

102
Q

Psychologist study changes in the way ppl think, relate to others, and feel as they age

A

Developmental psychology

103
Q

Psychologist primarily do research and experiments of learning, memory, thinking, perception, motivation, and language

A

Experimental psychology

104
Q

Focus on how human behavior is affected by presence of other ppl

A

Social psychology

105
Q

Study of the differences in personality among ppl

A

Personality psychology

106
Q

Study of the biological basis of behavior

A

Physiological psychology

107
Q

Psychologist specialize in the research or clinical implications of brain-behavior relationships

A

Neuropsychology

108
Q

Study of animals and their behavior for the purpose of comparing and contrasting it to human behavior

A

Comparative psychology

109
Q

Focus on the relationship of human behavior patterns and stress reaction to physical health

A

Health psychology

110
Q

Concerned with the study of human learning and development of new learning techniques

A

Educational psychology

111
Q

Psychologist work directly in schools, doing assessments, educational placement, and diagnosing educational problems

A

School psychology

112
Q

Psychologist help athletes and others prepare themselves mentally for participation in sports activities

A

Sports psychology

113
Q

Concerned with ppl in the legal system, including profiling criminals, jury selection, and expert wItnessing

A

Forensic psychology

114
Q

Focus on how people interact with and are affected by their physical environment

A

Environmental psychology

115
Q

Concerned with the relationships between ppl and their work environment

A

Industrial/organizational(I/O) psychology

116
Q

Study of the way humans and machines interact with each other

A

Human factors psychology

Psyc 101 (4 decks)

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