Exam 1 Flashcards
Study of behavior n mental processes
Psychology
Father of psychology. Objective introspection
Wilhelm Wundt
The process of objectively examining and measuring one’s own thoughts and mental activities
Objective introspection
Focus on the basic elements of the structure of the mind
Founded by Edward Titchner
Structuralism
Founded structuralism
Edward Titcher
Founded gestalt psychology
Max Wertheimer
Early perspective of psych, studies how the mind allows ppl to adapt, live, work, and play
William James founded
Functionalism
Founded functionalism
Heavily influenced by Charles Darwin’s evolution and natural selection
William James
Focus on perception and sensation, patterns and while figures
A part of today’s cognitive psychology
Founded by Max Wertheimer
Gestalt psychology
Has medical degree
Diagnoses and treats psych disorders
Prescribes meds
Psychiatrist
M.D.
PhD
Psyd
Psychoanalyst
No medical degree
PhD psyd
Psychologist
Focuses more on the environmental conditions that can have an impact on mental disorders
M.S.W
L.S.W
Psychiatric Social Worker
System of gathering data so that bias and error are reduced
Scientific method
Scientific method
Perceiving the question Forming a hypothesis Testing hypothesis Drawing conclusions Report results Replicate results
Observing ppl or animals in their environment
Naturalistic observation
Tendency of ppl or animals to behave differently when they know they ate being observed
Observer effect
A naturalistic observation where the observer becomes a participant in the group being observed
Participant observation
Tendency of observer to see what they expect to see
Observer bias
Study of one individual in great detail
Case study
Randomly selected sample of subjects from a larger population
Representative sample
The entire group of interest
Population
Tendency of a test to produce the same scores again and again each time it is given to the same person
Reliability
Degree to which a test actually measures what it’s supposed to measure
Validity
Anything that can change/vary
Variable
A measure of relationship between two or more variables
Correlation
A number for measuring a correlation representing the direction of its relationship and its strength
Correlation coefficient
As one variable increases, so does the other
Positive correlation
As one variable increase, the other decreases
Negative correlation
Deliberate manipulation of a variable to see if corresponding changes in behavior result
Experiment
Variable in experiment that is manipulated by the experimenter
Independent variable
Variable in an experiment that represents the measurable response or behavior of subjects in the experiment
Dependent variable
Exposed to independent variable
Experimental group
Not exposed to independent variable, may receive placebo
Control group
Process of assigning subjects to the experimental or control groups randomly, so that each subject has an equal chance of being in either group
Random assignment
The expectations of participants in a study can influence their behavior
Placebo effect
Subjects don’t know if they are in the experimental or control group
Single-blinded study
Experimenters expectations for a study unintentionally influence the results of the study
Experimenter effect
Neither the experimenter or these subjects know if they are in the experimental or control group
Double-blinded study
An extensive network of specialized cells that carries info to and from all parts of the body
Nervous system
Transmits info to and from the CNS
Peripheral nervous system
Part of the PNS. Carries sensory info and controls movement if the skeletal muscles
Somatic Nervous System
Part of the PNS. Automatically regulates glands, internal organs and blood vessels, pupil dilation, digestion and B/P
Autonomic Nervous System
Part of autonomic nervous system. Maintains function under ordinary conditions. Saves energy
Parasympathetic division
Prepares the body to react and expand energy in times of stress (flight or fright)
Sympathetic division
The brain and spinal cord
Central Nervous System
Interprets and stores info and sends orders to muscles, glands, and organs
Brain
Pathway connecting the brain and the peripheral nervous system
Spinal cord
The basic cell that makes up the nervous system and receives and sends msgs within that system
Neurons
The cell body of the neuron. Responsible for maintaining the life of the cell
Soma
Branchlike structures that receive msgs from other neurons
Dendrites
Tubelike structure that carries the neural msg to other cells
Axon
3 main components of neurons
Soma, dendrites, axon
Rounded areas on the end off axon terminals
Synaptic knobs
Chemical found in the synaptic vesicles that, when released, has an effect on the next cell
Neurotransmitters
Bundles of axons coated in myelin that travel together through the body
Nerves
Cells that provide support for neurons to grow on and around, deliver nutrients to neurons, clean up waste products and dead neurons, influence info processing, and, during prenatal development, influence the generation of new neurons
Glial cells
Fatty substances produced by certain glial cells that coat the axons of neurons to insulate, protect, and speed up neural impulse
Myelin
Microscopic fluid filed space between the synaptic knob of one cell and the dendrites and surface of the next cell
Synaptic gap
Outermost covering of the brain, consisting of densely packed neurons, responsible for higher thought processes and interpretation of sensory input
Cerebral Cortex
Two sections of the cortex on the left and right sides of the brain
Cerebral hemispheres
Thick band of neurons that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres
Corpus callosum
Section of the brain located at the ready and bottom of each cerebral hemisphere. Contains the visual centres of the brain
Occipital lobe
Section of the brain located at the top and back. Contains centers for touch, taste, and temperature sensations
Parietal lobe
Area of neurons running down the front of the parietal lobes responsible for processing info from the skin and internal body receptors for touch, temp, body position, and possibly taste
Somatosensory cortex
Located just behind the temples containing the neurons responsible for the sense of hearing and meaningful speech
Temporal lobes
Located in front and top. Responsible for higher mental processes and decision making as well as production of fluid speech
Frontal lobes
Section of frontal lobe located at the back, responsible for sending motor commands to the muscles of the somatic nervous system
Motor cortex
Areas within each lobe of the cortex responsible for coordination and interpretation of information, as well as higher mental processing
Association Areas of the Cortex
Area in left frontal lobe of the brain devoted to the production of speech
Broca’s Area
Condition resulting from damage to Broca’s area, causing the affected person to be unable to speak fluently, to mispronounce words, and to speak haltingly
Broca’s Aphasia
Area in left temporal lobe involved in understanding the meaning of words
Wernicke’s Area
Condition resulting from damage to Wernicke’s area, causing the affected person to be unable to understand or produce meaningful language
Wernicke’s Aphasia
The process that occurs when special receptors in sense organs are activated, allowing various forms of outside stimuli to beCome neural signals in the brain
Sensation
Specialized forms of neurons. These receptor cells are stimulated by different kinds of energy. (Eyes by light, touch by pressure and temp)
Sensory receptors
Tendency of the brain to stop attending to constant, unchanging info
Habituation
Tendency of sensory receptor cells to become less responsive to a stimulus that is unchanging
Sensory adaption
Clear membrane covering the eye. Bends light waves so images can be focused on the retina
Cornea
Colored part of eye. its muscles controls size of pupil
Iris
Iris opening that changes size depending on the amount of light in the environment
Pupil
Changes shape to bring objects into focus(visual accommodation)
Lens
A light-sensitive area at the back of the eye containing 3 layers: ganglion cells, bipolar cells, and rods and cones
Retina
Sends visual info to the brain
Optic nerve
Visual sensory receptors found in the back of the retina, responsible for color vision and sharpness of vision
Cones
Visual sensory receptors found at the back of the retina, responsible for non-color sensitivity to low levels of light
Rods
Caused by defective cones in retina
Color blindness
Due to lack of functioning red cones (red-green color deficiency)
Protanopia
Due to lack lack of functioning green cones
Deuternopia
The vibrations of molecules of air that surrounds us
Sounds waves
The visible part of the ear
Outer ear/pinna
Short tunnel that runs from pinna to the eardrum
Auditory canal
Eardrum
Tympanic membrane
The hammer, anvil, stirrup. Vibration of these 3 bones amplifies vibrations from eardrum
Auditory ossicles
A membrane whose vibrations set off another chain reaction within the inner ear
Oval window
Snail-shaped structure of the inner ear that is fluid filled
Cochlea
Organ of Corti, receptors for sound
Hair cells
Bundle of axons from the hair cells in the inner ear
Auditory nerve
The method by which the sensations are experienced at any given moment are interpreted and organized in some meaningful fashion
Perception
The ability to perceive the world in 3d. Develops in early infancy if not present at birth
Depth perception
A table with both a shallow and a “deep” side with glass covering the entire table. Used infants 6-14 months. 81% of babies refused to crawl over the “deep” side
The Visual Cliff ( Gibson& Walk,1960)
Psychologist diagnose and treat ppl with psych disorders
Clinical psychology
Psychologist help ppl with problems of adjustment
Counseling psychology
Psychologist study changes in the way ppl think, relate to others, and feel as they age
Developmental psychology
Psychologist primarily do research and experiments of learning, memory, thinking, perception, motivation, and language
Experimental psychology
Focus on how human behavior is affected by presence of other ppl
Social psychology
Study of the differences in personality among ppl
Personality psychology
Study of the biological basis of behavior
Physiological psychology
Psychologist specialize in the research or clinical implications of brain-behavior relationships
Neuropsychology
Study of animals and their behavior for the purpose of comparing and contrasting it to human behavior
Comparative psychology
Focus on the relationship of human behavior patterns and stress reaction to physical health
Health psychology
Concerned with the study of human learning and development of new learning techniques
Educational psychology
Psychologist work directly in schools, doing assessments, educational placement, and diagnosing educational problems
School psychology
Psychologist help athletes and others prepare themselves mentally for participation in sports activities
Sports psychology
Concerned with ppl in the legal system, including profiling criminals, jury selection, and expert wItnessing
Forensic psychology
Focus on how people interact with and are affected by their physical environment
Environmental psychology
Concerned with the relationships between ppl and their work environment
Industrial/organizational(I/O) psychology
Study of the way humans and machines interact with each other
Human factors psychology
