Exam 2 Flashcards
State in which thoughts, feelings, and sensations are clear, organized, and the person feels alert
Waking Consciousness
A person’s awareness of everything that is going on around him/her at any given moment, which is used to organize behavior
Consciousness
State in which there is a shift in the quality of pattern of mental activity as compared to waking consciousness
Altered State of Consciousness
Any significant loss of sleep, resulting in problems in concentration and irritability
Sleep Deprivation
Brief side-steps into sleep lasting only a few seconds
Microsleeps
Stage of sleep in which the eyes move rapidly under the eyelids and the person is typically experiencing a dream. Muscles are inhibited
REM Sleep
Any of the sleep stages that do not include REM. Four stages
Non-REM Sleep
Light sleep. If awakened person probably won’t know they were asleep. May experience hallucinations or hypnic jerk. Theta waves increase, alpha waves fade away
Stage One non-REM
believed to do with our ancestors sleeping in trees. Body jerks awake to prevent the “fall” from the hypothetical tree
Hypnic jerk
Experts believe people’s experiences of ghostly visits, alien abductions, and near-death experiences may be explained by hallucinations
Hynagogic Images (Hallucinations)
Body temp decreases, heart rate decreases, breathing more shallow, irregular EEG shows first signs of sleep spindles. Theta waves more predominant. If awakened, person is aware of being sleep
Stage Two non-REM
Delta waves make up only 20%-50% of brain wave pattern
Stage Three non-REM
Brief burst of activity lasting only a second or two
Sleep Spindles
Long, slow waves that indicate the deepest stage of sleep
Delta Waves
Delta waves are above 50%. The deepest stage of sleep. Growth hormones are released from pituitary gland. Body at lowest level of function. Hard to awaken. Confused and disoriented temporarily if awakened
Stage Four non-REM
The Cycle of Sleep
After spending time in stage 4, body goes back up thru stages 3,2,& then into a stage which temp rises to near waking levels, eyes move more rapidly, hearty beat increases, brain waves resemble beta waves(awake). If awakened, dreaming is reported
Occurring during deep sleep. More common in childhood, more often I boys than girls
Sleepwalking (somnambulism)
Relatively rare. More likely during childhood. Person experience extreme fear and acts it out during deep sleep without waking fully
Night Terrors
Bad dreams occurring during REM, usually vividly remembered immediately upon waking
Nightmares
Inability to get sleep, stay asleep, or get a good quality of sleep
Insomnia
Disorder in which the person stops breatHing nearly half a minute or more
Sleep Apnea
Sleep seizure. Sleep disorder in which a person falls immediately into REM sleep during the day without warning
Narcolepsy
Learning tip make an involuntary (reflex) response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex
Classical Conditioning
Any object, event, or experience that causes a response
Stimulus
The reaction of an organism
Response
An involuntary response, not under personal control or choice
Reflex
A naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary (reflex) response
Unconditioned Stimulus
A involuntary (reflex) response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus
Unconditioned Response
Stimulus that has no effect on the desired response
Neutral Stimulus
Stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original UCS
Conditioned Stimulus
Learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus
Conditioned response
The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original CS with the CR
Stimulus Generalization
Tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that it’s similar to the original CS because the similar stimulus is never paired with the UCS
Stimulus discrimination
Disappearance/weakening of a learned response following the removal/absence of the UCS (in classical conditioning) our removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning)
Extinction
The reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred
Spontaneous Recovery
Occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the NS to become a second CS
High-order Conditioning
Emotional response that had become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli
Conditioned Emotional Response
Conducted little Albert experiment in 1920
John Watson
The learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses. Founded by B.F. Skinner
Operant Conditioning
Any event or stimulus, that when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again
Reinforcement
The reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus
Positive Reinforcement
The reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of a unpleasant stimulus
Negative Reinforcement
Any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again
Punishment
The reinforcement of simple steps in behavior that lead to a desired, more complex behavior
Shaping
Reinforcement after each and every correct response
Continuous Reinforcement
Reinforcement after some, but not all, correct responses
Partial reinforcement
The tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses to be very resistant to extinction
Partial reinforcement effect
Schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same
Fixed Interval Schedule of Reinforcement
Schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event
Variable Interval Schedule of Reinforcement
Schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same
Fixed Ratio Schedule of Reinforcement
Schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event
Variable Ratio Schedule of Reinforcement
The tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past
Learned Helplessness
Learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior
Observational Learning
The doll was used to demonstrate the impact of observing an adult model performing aggressive behavior on the later aggressive behavior of the children
The Bobo Doll Study
An active system that receives info from the senses, puts that info into a usable form, organizes it as it does it away, and then retrieves the info from storage
Memory
Process of memory. The set of mental operations that ppl perform on sensory info to convert that info into a form that is usable in the brain’s storage system
Encoding
Process of memory. Holding onto info for some period of time
Storage
Process of memory. Getting info that is in storage into a form that can be used
Retrieval
Model of memory that assumes the processing of info for memory storage is similar to the way a computer process memory in a series of 3 stages
Information Processing Model
The very first stage of memory, the point at which info enters the nervous system thru the sensory system
Sensory Memory
Visual sensory memory, last only a fraction of a second
Iconic Sensory Memory
The ability to access a visual memory for 30 seconds or more, referred to as photographic memory
Eidetic Imagery
The brief memory of something a person just heard
Echoic Sensory Memory
The memory system in which info is held for brief periods of time while being used
Short Term Memory
The ability to focus on only one stimulus from all sensory input
Selective Attention
A series of numbers is read tip subjects in the study who are asked to recall the numbers in order. Each series gets longer, until the subjects cannot recall any of the numbers in order
Digit Span Test
Combining info into meaningful units or chunks so more info can be stored in the STM
Chunking
Practice of repeating info to be remembered in one’s head in order to maintain it in STM
Maintenance Rehearsal
The system of memory into which all info is placed top be kept more or less permanently
Long Term Memory
A way of transferring info from STM into LTM by making that info meaningful in some way
Elaborative Rehearsal
Type of LTM including memories for skills, procedures, habits, and conditioned responses. Memories are not conscious but are implied to exist because they affect conscious behavior
Procedural LTM
Type of LTM containing info that is conscious and known
Declarative LTM
Type of declarative memory containing general knowledge, such as knowledge of language and info learned in formal education
Semantic Memory
Type of declarative memory containing personal info not readily available to others, such as daily activities and events
Episodic Memory
Tendency of info at the beginning and end of a body of info to be remembered more accurately than info in the middle of the body of info
Serial Position Effect
The tendency of misleading info presented after an event to alter memories of the event itself
Misinformation Effect
Pezdek&Hodge 1999. Children read 5 different summaries off childhood events. 2 were false. 1 of the false was plausible. Found children were less likely to form a false memory for an implausible false event than for a plausible false event
Children and false memories
Steps to believe false memories are true
- The event must be made top seem as plausible as possible
2. Individuals are given info that helps them to believe that the event could have happened to them personally
Ebbinghaus and the Forgetting Curve
Forgetting happens very fast within the first hour after learning, then tapers off gradually
Spacing the study of material to be remembered by including breaks between study periods
Distributed Practice
Failure to process sensory info into memory
Encoding Failure
Physical change in the brain that occurs when a memory is formed
Memory Trace
Loss of memory due to passage of time, during which memory is not used
Decay
Another name for decay
Disuse
Memory problem that occurs when older info prevents or interferes with the learning or retrieval of newer info
Proactive Interference
Memory problems that occur when newer info prevents or interferes with the retrieval of older info
Retroactive Interference
Development of thinking, problem solving, and memory
Cognitive Development
Piaget’s Theory infancy and childhood cognitive development
Believed that children form mental concepts or schemes as they experience new situations and events
Piaget’s first stage. Infant uses its senses and motor abilities to interact with objects in the environment. Birth to age 2
Sensorimotor stage
The knowledge that an objects exists even when it’s not in sight. Birth to age 2
Object Permanence
Piaget’s second stage. Preschool child learns to use language to explore the world. 2-7 years old
Preoperational Stage
The inability to see the world through anyone else’s eyes. 2-7 years old
Egocentrism
Focusing on only one feature of a object rather than taking all features in consideration. Age 2-7
Centration
The ability to understand that altering the appearance of something does not changes its amount, its volume, or its mass. Ages 2-7
Conservation
Piaget’s third stage. School aged children capable of logical thought processes but not abstract thinking. Age 7-12
Concrete Operational Stage
Piaget’s last stage. Adolescent becomes capable of abstract thinking. Age 12- adulthood
Formal Operational Stage
Kygotsky’s Theory
Believed that children develop cognitively when someone else helps them by asking questions and providing examples of concepts
Process in which a more skilled learner gives help to a less skilled learner, reducing the amount of help as the learner becomes more capable
Scaffolding
The difference between what a child can do alone and what that child can do with the help of a teacher
Zone of Proximal Development
The seeming attachment of the monkeys to something soft to touch. Harry Harlow rhesus monkey experiment
Contact comfort
The emotional bond between a infant and the primary caregiver
Attachment
Believed that development occurred in 8 stages. Each stage is an emotional crisis and the crisis must be met successfully for normal, healthy psychological development
Eriksons theory
First stage of Erikson’s theory. Babies must learn to trust or mistrust others based on whether or not their needs are met
Trust vs Mistrust
Adolescents believe themselves to be unique and protected from harm
The Personal Fable
Adolescents believe that other ppl are just as concerned about their thoughts and characteristics as they are themselves
The Imaginary Audience
Stage of personality development in which the adolescent must find a consistent sense of self. Erikson’s stage for adolescence
Identity vs Role Confusion
Erikson’s last stage. If ppl look back and feel their lives were relatively full and are able to let go of regrets, they have a feeling of ego integrity. If there are many regrets and unfinished business, they feel despair
Ego Integrity vs Despair
