Exam 4

Question 1

Order the following steps in external respiration from first to last. 1 - O2 and CO2 are exchanged between air in alveoli and blood within the pulmonary capillaries via diffusion. 2 - Blood transports O2 and CO2 between lungs and tissues. 3 - Air is moved into and out of the lungs. 4 - O2 and CO2 are exchanged between tissues and blood via diffusion across systemic (tissue) capillaries.

Answer 1

3, 1, 2, 4

Question 2

Alveoli:

Answer 2

ALL OF THE ABOVE

Question 3

When intra-alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure ________.

Answer 3

air moves out of the lung

Question 4

As the volume of the lung increases, intra-alveolar pressure ________.

Answer 4

decreases

Question 5

During quiet breathing, expiration is a(n) ________ process that involves ________.

Answer 5

During quiet breathing, expiration is a(n) ________ process that involves ________.

Question 6

An increase in airway resistance is caused by ________.

Answer 6

bronchoconstriction

Question 7

A decrease in the _________ of the lungs would increase the amount of work needed for ________.

Answer 7

compliance : inspiration

Question 8

Surfactant:

Answer 8

decreases water’s ability to hydrogen bond.

Question 9

Which of the following contributes to the rapid movement of gases into and out of the blood within the lungs?

Answer 9

ALL OF THE ABOVE

Question 10

The partial pressure of oxygen in the pulmonary artery is ______ than the partial pressure of oxygen in the pulmonary vein, and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the pulmonary artery is _____ than the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the pulmonary vein.

Answer 10

less, greater

Question 11

During intense exercise, the localized increase in lactic acid at skeletal muscles ________ hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen, ________ oxygen’s movement into the tissue.

Answer 11

decreases : increasing

Question 12

Hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen is:

Answer 12

decreased in response to an increase in carbon dioxide.

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a way that carbon dioxide is carried in blood?

Answer 13

bound to hemoglobin in the plasma

Question 14

In the pulmonary capillaries carbonic anhydrase in erythrocytes catalyzes the reaction of:

Answer 14

carbonic acid to water and carbon dioxide.

Question 15

During active breathing:

Answer 15

the frequency of the action potentials on the phrenic nerve increase causing greater contraction of the diaphragm.

Question 16

If peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies detect a decrease in carbon dioxide they will send a signal to the respiratory centers in the brainstem to _________ ventilation.

Answer 16

decrease

Question 17

In indirect chemical communication between cells, a ________ cell secretes a chemical messenger that binds to ________ on the ________ cell.

Answer 17

signaling : receptors : target

Question 18

Once estrogen is synthesized, it is:

Answer 18

immediately capable of diffusing across the membrane.

Question 19

The binding of hydrophilic hormone to a ______________ will activate second messenger systems, which activate or inhibit cellular pathways.

Answer 19

G protein-linked receptor

Question 20

The ______ is a secondary endocrine gland that produces the hormone erythropoietin that increases the production of red blood cells.

Answer 20

kidney

Question 21

The hypothalamus produces and controls the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin from the _______.

Answer 21

posterior pituitary

Question 22

Which of the following correctly describes a pathway for secretion of a hormone under the control of tropic hormones?

Answer 22

ALL OF THE ABOVE

Question 23

Which of the following hormones secreted from the anterior pituitary is not considered to be tropic?

Answer 23

prolactin

Question 24

The release of ________ from the pineal gland is important for establishing ________.

Answer 24

melatonin : circadian rhythm

Question 25

Iodine is used by follicular cells in the ______ gland to make ______.

Answer 25

thyroid : thyroid hormone

Question 26

Thyroid hormone:

Answer 26

is stored in a colloid and released on demand by the thyroid gland.

Question 27

The parathyroid gland will release parathyroid hormone in response to ________ while the thyroid gland will release calcitonin in response to ________.

Answer 27

a decrease in blood calcium levels : an increase in blood calcium levels

Question 28

Thymosin:

Answer 28

is a peptide hormone release by the thymus gland that regulates T-cell function.

Question 29

The adrenal gland releases two hormones involved in the stress response. _______is a steroid hormone and therefore has a relatively ______ half life in the blood than _________ a catecholamine that has a relatively _______ half life in the blood.

Answer 29

Cortisol: longer: epinephrine: shorter

Question 30

________ secreted from the adrenal cortex regulates sodium and potassium levels in the blood.

Answer 30

Aldosterone

Question 31

_______ causes blood glucose levels to decrease while ______ causes blood glucose levels to increase.

Answer 31

Insulin : glucagon

Question 32

Ovaries secrete the _______ hormones _______ and ________.

Answer 32

steroid : estrogen : progesterone

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys?

Answer 33

regulation of plasma temperature

Question 34

__________ is everything that is filtered or secreted and not subsequently reabsorbed.

Answer 34

Excretion

Question 35

________is the movement of a substance from the peritubular capillary blood into the tubular lumen.

Answer 35

Secretion

Question 36

If the plasma colloid osmotic pressure is 25mmHg, the glomerular capillary blood pressure is 60mmHg and the Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure is 15mmHg what is the net filtration pressure causing glomerular filtration?

Answer 36

20mmHg

Question 37

Tubuloglomerular feedback, is an _______ mechanism that regulates glomerular filtration rate in which the macula densa in the distal tubule detect a(n) _______ in flow of tubular fluid and release a paracrine factor that causes to afferent arteriole to ________ therefor leading to a _____ in glomerular filtration rate.

Answer 37

intrinsic : increase: constrict : decrease

Question 38

Which of the following is TRUE concerning glucose reabsorption from the proximal tubule?

Answer 38

Glucose reabsorption shows a tubular maximum

Question 39

Water reabsorption occurs in all parts of the nephron except:

Answer 39

ascending limb of the loop of henle.

Question 40

______ secretion is increased by aldosterone.

Answer 40

Potassium

Question 41

Sodium reabsorption occurs in all parts of the nephron except:

Answer 41

descending limb of the loop of henle

Question 42

The vertical osmotic gradient in the kidney:

Answer 42

ALL OF THE ABOVE

Question 43

When extracellular fluid becomes ________ antidiuretic hormone secretion from the _____________.

Answer 43

hypotonic : posterior pituitary decreases

Question 44

________ is an enzyme that converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I and is produced by ______

Answer 44

Renin : the kidney

Question 45

In response to being stretched the atria release atrial natriuretic peptide which decreases blood pressure by increasing __________ excretion.

Answer 45

Sodium

Question 46

Hypokalemia will:

Answer 46

cause cardiac arrhythmias and muscle weakness

Question 47

Hypercalcemia will:

Answer 47

ALL OF THE ABOVE

Question 48

Your fastest line of defense against a change in blood pH is:

Answer 48

Chemical buffer systems

Question 49

If you hold your breath your will temporarily experience:

Answer 49

respiratory acidosis.