Exam 4 Flashcards
Order the following steps in external respiration from first to last. 1 - O2 and CO2 are exchanged between air in alveoli and blood within the pulmonary capillaries via diffusion. 2 - Blood transports O2 and CO2 between lungs and tissues. 3 - Air is moved into and out of the lungs. 4 - O2 and CO2 are exchanged between tissues and blood via diffusion across systemic (tissue) capillaries.
3, 1, 2, 4
Alveoli:
ALL OF THE ABOVE
When intra-alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure ________.
air moves out of the lung
As the volume of the lung increases, intra-alveolar pressure ________.
decreases
During quiet breathing, expiration is a(n) ________ process that involves ________.
During quiet breathing, expiration is a(n) ________ process that involves ________.
An increase in airway resistance is caused by ________.
bronchoconstriction
A decrease in the _________ of the lungs would increase the amount of work needed for ________.
compliance : inspiration
Surfactant:
decreases waters ability to hydrogen bond.
Which of the following contributes to the rapid movement of gases into and out of the blood within the lungs?
ALL OF THE ABOVE
The partial pressure of oxygen in the pulmonary artery is ______ than the partial pressure of oxygen in the pulmonary vein, and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the pulmonary artery is _____ than the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the pulmonary vein.
less, greater
During intense exercise, the localized increase in lactic acid at skeletal muscles ________ hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen, ________ oxygen’s movement into the tissue.
decreases : increasing
Hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen is:
decreased in response to an increase in carbon dioxide.
Which of the following is NOT a way that carbon dioxide is carried in blood?
bound to hemoglobin in the plasma
In the pulmonary capillaries carbonic anhydrase in erythrocytes catalyzes the reaction of:
carbonic acid to water and carbon dioxide.
During active breathing:
the frequency of the action potentials on the phrenic nerve increase causing greater contraction of the diaphragm.
If peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies detect a decrease in carbon dioxide they will send a signal to the respiratory centers in the brainstem to _________ ventilation.
decrease
In indirect chemical communication between cells, a ________ cell secretes a chemical messenger that binds to ________ on the ________ cell.
signaling : receptors : target
Once estrogen is synthesized, it is:
immediately capable of diffusing across the membrane.
The binding of hydrophilic hormone to a ______________ will activate second messenger systems, which activate or inhibit cellular pathways.
G protein-linked receptor
The ______ is a secondary endocrine gland that produces the hormone erythropoietin that increases the production of red blood cells.
kidney
The hypothalamus produces and controls the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin from the _______.
posterior pituitary
Which of the following correctly describes a pathway for secretion of a hormone under the control of tropic hormones?
ALL OF THE ABOVE
Which of the following hormones secreted from the anterior pituitary is not considered to be tropic?
prolactin
The release of ________ from the pineal gland is important for establishing ________.
melatonin : circadian rhythm
Iodine is used by follicular cells in the ______ gland to make ______.
thyroid : thyroid hormone
Thyroid hormone:
is stored in a colloid and released on demand by the thyroid gland.
The parathyroid gland will release parathyroid hormone in response to ________ while the thyroid gland will release calcitonin in response to ________.
a decrease in blood calcium levels : an increase in blood calcium levels
Thymosin:
is a peptide hormone release by the thymus gland that regulates T-cell function.
The adrenal gland releases two hormones involved in the stress response. _______is a steroid hormone and therefore has a relatively ______ half life in the blood than _________ a catecholamine that has a relatively _______ half life in the blood.
Cortisol: longer: epinephrine: shorter
________ secreted from the adrenal cortex regulates sodium and potassium levels in the blood.
Aldosterone
_______ causes blood glucose levels to decrease while ______ causes blood glucose levels to increase.
Insulin : glucagon
Ovaries secrete the _______ hormones _______ and ________.
steroid : estrogen : progesterone
Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys?
regulation of plasma temperature
__________ is everything that is filtered or secreted and not subsequently reabsorbed.
Excretion
________is the movement of a substance from the peritubular capillary blood into the tubular lumen.
Secretion
If the plasma colloid osmotic pressure is 25mmHg, the glomerular capillary blood pressure is 60mmHg and the Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure is 15mmHg what is the net filtration pressure causing glomerular filtration?
20mmHg
Tubuloglomerular feedback, is an _______ mechanism that regulates glomerular filtration rate in which the macula densa in the distal tubule detect a(n) _______ in flow of tubular fluid and release a paracrine factor that causes to afferent arteriole to ________ therefor leading to a _____ in glomerular filtration rate.
intrinsic : increase: constrict : decrease
Which of the following is TRUE concerning glucose reabsorption from the proximal tubule?
Glucose reabsorption shows a tubular maximum
Water reabsorption occurs in all parts of the nephron except:
ascending limb of the loop of henle.
______ secretion is increased by aldosterone.
Potassium
Sodium reabsorption occurs in all parts of the nephron except:
descending limb of the loop of henle
The vertical osmotic gradient in the kidney:
ALL OF THE ABOVE
When extracellular fluid becomes ________ antidiuretic hormone secretion from the _____________.
hypotonic : posterior pituitary decreases
________ is an enzyme that converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I and is produced by ______
Renin : the kidney
In response to being stretched the atria release atrial natriuretic peptide which decreases blood pressure by increasing __________ excretion.
Sodium
Hypokalemia will:
cause cardiac arrhythmias and muscle weakness
Hypercalcemia will:
ALL OF THE ABOVE
Your fastest line of defense against a change in blood pH is:
Chemical buffer systems
If you hold your breath your will temporarily experience:
respiratory acidosis.
