Exam 1 Flashcards
Which sequence represents the correct hierarchy of biological organization, from smallest to largest?
cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
Which of the following is a type of biomolecule found in the human body?
carbohydrates proteins lipids nucleotides ALL OF THE ABOVE
Blood is a type of _______ tissue.
connective
The _______ system makes and releases hormones.
endocrine
Interstitial fluid
is extracellular fluid found outside of the circulatory system
Which of the following variables are controlled to maintain homeostasis?
Core body temperature. Blood glucose levels. Blood pH. Ion concentrations. ALL OF THE ABOVE
If you go outside in Utah without a coat in January your body temperature will ______ and your body will use _______ to _______ your body temperature back to the set point of 37°C.
decrease : negative feedback : increase
Every cell in our body ______.
is surrounded by a plasma membrane.
The nucleus:
contains DNA.
is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope.
synthesizes ribosomes.
ALL OF THE ABOVE
There are 2 types of endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum and rough endoplasmic reticulum. The rough endoplasmic reticulum looks bumpy in appearance because it is studded with ______ which is where protein synthesis takes place.
ribosomes
During protein synthesis:
every three nucleotides on mRNA codes for an amino acid.
tRNA brings the proper amino acids to the ribosomes.
ribosomes catalyze the formation of peptide bonds between the amino acids.
ALL OF THE ABOVE
The golgi complex collects, modifies and packages cell products for secretion. Based on this information what type of cell would you expect to have the most golgi complexes.
a pancreatic cell that secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine.
What organelle contains catalase, an oxidative enzyme that helps detoxify cellular wastes like hydrogen peroxide?
peroxisome
You would expect cells that require a lot of ATP, like cardiac muscle would have lots of _________.
mitochondria
Cilia and flagella are made of microtubules and play and important role in ________.
cellular movement
Intermediate filaments are a diverse group of permanent ropelike fibers that play and important role in:
suspension of organelles
_____ are impermeable cell junctions while _____ are communicating cell junctions
Tight junctions : gap junctions
______ are the functional groups found on proteins that contain nitrogen.
Amino
The making of lactose in the mammary gland from glucose and galactose is an example of a(n) __________ reaction where _______ is used and _______ is released.
dehydration synthesis : energy : water
Which of the following is a polysaccharide that is not digested in our small intestines?
cellulose
We store carbohydrates in our muscle and liver cells in the form of the polysaccharide______.
glycogen
We store energy in the form of_______ in our adipose tissue.
triglycerides
Which of the following type of lipid is amphipathic?
Phospholipid
When a protein denatures:
the protein becomes inactive.
the protein unfolds losing its quaternary and tertiary structure.
Enzymes:
decrease the amount of energy needed for a chemical reaction to occur.
tend to have only a few or a single substrate.
catalyze a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process.
bind to the substrate forming an enzyme substrate complex before forming the product.
ALL OF THE ABOVE
______ is the nucleotide that cells use to transfer energy.
ATP
_____ is the process by which six carbon glucose is broken down into two three carbon pyruvates.
Glycolysis
_____ takes place in the mitochondrial matrix.
Krebs cycle
______ is where the vast majority of ATP is made by the mitochondria.
Electron transport chain
If oxygen is not available cells will convert ______ to _______ to regenerate NAD for glycolysis.
pyruvate : lactate
_______ on the inner membrane of the mitochondria allows hydrogen ions back into the matrix and that provides the energy needed to produce ATP from ADP and Pi.
ATP synthase
During a long term fast your liver will synthesize glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors like amino acids and glycerol by a process called _______.
gluconeogenesis
When amino acids are catabolized for energy production the nitrogen is excreted as the waste product ______.
urea
Plasma membranes are made up of lipid bilayers that spontaneously form due to the amphipathic nature of ________.
phospholipids
Which of the following components of the plasma membrane form ion channels?
proteins
The presence of ________ in the plasma membrane can increase the fluidity of the membrane.
cholesterol
Which of the following solutes is found in higher concentrations in intracellular fluid than extracellular fluid?
Potassium
Comparing intracellular to extracellular fluid, the intracellular fluid has a ________ charge relative to the outside of a cell due to the presence of more ________ in that solution.
negative : anions
Sodium:
is positively charged
Potassium’s electrical gradient:
opposes its chemical gradient
At rest cells:
have less sodium in their intracellular fluid than the extracellular fluid.
Which of the following substances will have the fastest passive diffusion rate across the plasma membrane?
a nonpolar molecule like oxygen
Decreasing the ________ would increase the diffusion rate of oxygen.
diffusion distance
Which of the following statements about osmosis is NOT correct?
If red blood cells (RBC) are placed in a hypertonic solution, water will enter the RBC and cause them to burst.
The concentration of glucose in enterocytes (epithelial cells lining the small intestine) is higher than the concentration of glucose in the blood stream. Glucose is transported by ________ when it is transported into the bloodstream from enterocytes.
facilitated diffusion
The sodium potassium pump or ATPase that pumps 3 sodium out of the cell for every 2 potassium it pumps in is a form of:
primary active transport.
The concentration of glucose in the lumen of the intestine is lower than the concentration of glucose in the enterocytes (epithelial cells lining the small intestine), if the sodium potassium pump is inhibited by the drug phloridzin then no glucose is absorbed into the enterocytes. Therefore glucose is transported by ________ when it is absorbed into enterocytes from the intestine.
secondary active transport
Vesicular transport is the process by which cells bring in or release large amounts of solutes or large particles. Which of the following is the vesicular transport method that neurons use to release large amounts of neurotransmitters at once?
exocytosis
Vesicular transport is the process by which cells bring in or release large amounts of solutes or large particles. Which of the following is the vesicular transport method that white blood cells would use to engulf a bacterial cell?
phagocytosis
