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Hemotology/Hemostasis > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of acute leukemia?

A

progresses rapidly, anemia, thrombocytopenia, mostly immature cells. Can be seen in all ages (most common in children), immature cells in peripheral blood

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2
Q

Chronic leukemia

A

occurs mostly in adults, progresses slowly, mature cells in peripheral blood

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3
Q

What environmental factors can increase the incidence of leukemia?

A

chemicals, ionizing radiation, infections or disease processes, genetic factors, hormones

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4
Q

What is the FAB classification?

A

(French American British) Classifies acute leukemias

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5
Q

What cytochemical stains or cellular contsituents are used to diagnose AML?

A

Sudan Black B positive, peroxidase positive, LAP decreased, Auer rods may be present

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6
Q

Which leukemia is associated with an increased incidence of bleeding disorders?

A

APL- Acute Promyelecitic Leukemia due to abnormal granules

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7
Q

What is Naegli’s leukemia and what are its distinguishing characteristics?

A

AMML- Acute Myelomonocitic Leukemia. Myelomonocyte is the predominant cell. All stages of monocytes and myelocytes are seen.

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8
Q

What cytochemical stains are positive in ALL?

A

PAS (Periodic Acid-Schiff) and TdT

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9
Q

What cytochemical stains are positive in AMoL?

A

Non-specific esterase is positive, completely inhibited by fluoride
Peroxidase

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10
Q

What cytochemical stains are positive in AMML

A

both SE (specific esterase) and non-specific is weakly positive
not completely inhibited by fluoride
Peroxidase

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11
Q

What cytochemical stains are positive Erythroleukemia

A

PAS

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12
Q

Characterize CML according to the following:
predominant cells seen on a differential, bone marrow cellularity, percentage of blasts, number of eos and basos, frequency of blast crisis

A

all stages of granulocytes, peak in myelocytes and neutrophils, bone marrow 100%, blasts 10% or less, increased up to 10% eos and basos, 70% blast crisis (usually terminates in blast crisis). Lots of myelocytes, bands and segs

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13
Q

What type of leukemia is most frequently seen in children? In middle age? In older patients?

A

ALL
CML
CLL

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14
Q

What does the PBS in CLL usually show? The bone marrow?

A

PBS: small very mature lymphs, smudge cells, increased eos, basos, and all stages of granulocytes
Bone marrow: sheets of small lymphs will be seen (40-100%)

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15
Q

What leukemia is characterized by fluffy undifferentiated cells?

A

stem cell leukemia

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16
Q

What is another name for erythroleukemia?

A

DeGuglielmo’s syndrome

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17
Q

Erythroleukemia usually terminates in?

A

AML

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of myeloid metaplasia?

A

tear drop cells- indicates extramedullary hematopoiesis, bizarre platelets, anemia, bone marrow has been replaced by noncellular elements

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19
Q

What are the characteristics of leukemoid reactions?

A 
young white cells 
shift to the left
LAP would be increased
Dohle bodies
toxic granulation
toxic vacuoles
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20
Q

Name several causes of leukopenia

A

viral infections, severe neutropenia, radiation, certain bacterial infections, immunosuppresses, certain drugs

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21
Q

What is agranulocytosis? What are the WBC, RBC, and platelet counts?

A

severe reduction in neutrophils with a marked leukopenia
WBC-2000 or less-decreased
platelets-adequate
RBC-normal

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22
Q

What is another name for hairy cell leukemia? What cell type does it involve?

A

leukemia reticuloendotheliosis

B-cell

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23
Q

Patients with ALL can relapse due to repopulation of the peripheral blood with cells from the?

A

CSF; spinal fluid

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24
Q

Foam cell

A

Niemann Pick Disease

25
Q

Reed-Sternberg Cell

A

Hodgkin’s Disease

26
Q

Downey Cell

A

Infectious mononucleosis

27
Q

Plasma Cell

A

multiple myeloma

28
Q

Philadelphia chromosome

A

CML; very increased platelets;negative LAP

29
Q

Rouleauz formation

A

multiple myeloma

30
Q

phagocytes with ingested, altered nucleprotein

A

LE cells (lupus)

31
Q

leukemoid reaction with increased eos

A

Hodgkin’s Disease

32
Q

presence of Auer rods

A

CML

33
Q

hyposegmentation of neutrophils

A

Pelger-Huet

34
Q

increased basophils

A

CML, mast cell leukemia, basophilic leukemia

35
Q

What are the characteristics of Waldenstrom’s macrogloulinemia?

A

rouleauz, cryoglobulins, plasma cytoid lymph, sed rate greatly increased, IgM

36
Q

What is the L.E. factor?

A

anti-nucleoprotein IgG antibody

37
Q

What portion of the blood specimen Is used to make an L.E. prep?

A

buffy coat

38
Q

What test should be done to confirm a diagnosis of SLE?

A

anti-nuclear antibody (ANA)

39
Q

Describe the appearance of a atypical lymph

A

scallops around adjacent RBC

40
Q

Describe the appearance of an Auer rod

A

pinkish rod-shaped inclusion usually in blasts (found in CML)

41
Q

Describe the appearance of Dohle bodies

A

leukemoid reactions, small blue inclusions in periphery of neutrophil

42
Q

What abnormalities (other than ATLs) can be found in association with IM?

A

positive heterophile antibody test- antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus

43
Q

LAP

A

differentiate CML neg form from neutrophilic leukemoid positive reaction

44
Q

Myeloperoxidase

A

differentiate ALL from AML. AML is positive

45
Q

PAS

A

positive in ALL and erythroleikemia

46
Q

NBT

A

positive when patient has recent bacterial infection-cells recently phagocytic, used to distinguish bacterial from non bacterial infections

47
Q

TdT

A

positive for ALL

enzyme test-deoxynucleotidaltransferase confirms all

48
Q

Which cells are myeloperoxidase negative?

A

lymphocytes and blasts

49
Q

What is the most common childhood non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma?

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma

50
Q

What is the principle of operation of the Hema-Tek slide stainer?

A

fix, stain, air dry, and rinse

51
Q

What is the impedence principle of cell counting?

A

cell interrupts the flow of electrons creating resistence

52
Q

The principle of flow cytometry

A

interruption of a light source as it passes through a flow cell

53
Q

What RBC parameters are directly measured by the Coulter Maxim (and the Mindray BC-3200)?
Which are calculated?

A

MCV measured directly

Hct is estimated

54
Q

When using an impedence counter, why is it necessary that the cell counts be corrected for coincidence?

A

more than one cell can pass through at one time; more than 10,000 WBCs should be corrected

55
Q

blasts

A

ALL

56
Q

lymphs

A

CLL

57
Q

only leukemia with both negative SE and NSE

A

ALL

58
Q

greatly increased platelets

A

CML

59
Q

Bence-Jones protein

A

multiple myeloma

Hemotology/Hemostasis (8 decks)

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