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Hemotology/Hemostasis > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What controls the entrance and exit of substances into and out of blood cells

A

cell membrane

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2
Q

Where is the main site of Hematopoiesis in the fetus?

A

Liver

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3
Q

Where is the main site of Hematopoiesis in the adult

A

Bone marrow

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4
Q

What is the major site of extramedullary hematopoiesis

A

Spleen

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5
Q

What three major criteria are used to identify blood cells

A

size, shape of nucleus, characteristics of cytoplasm

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6
Q

How is bone marrow cellularity determined

A

of nucleated blood cells to the total number of cells in fat

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7
Q

What is the normal M:E ratio

A

4:1

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8
Q

How does a doctor use a bone marrow exam

A

diagnosis, evaluation of treatment, assessment of iron stores

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9
Q

what is the dualistic theory of blood cell origin (pg9)

A

Granulocytes originate from nongranular marrow precursors, and lymphocytes originate from lymphoid tissue

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10
Q

What are the stages of RBC development from youngest to oldest

A
  • Ruberblast (youngest)
  • prorubricyte
  • Rubercyte (start to see Hgb)
  • metarubacyte (loss of nucleus)
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11
Q

What is the average life of RBC

A

100-120 days

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12
Q

What is Erythropoietin

A

a hormone secreted by the kidneys that increases the rate of production of red blood cells in response to falling levels of oxygen in the tissues

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13
Q

Where is Erythropoietin produced

A

kidneys

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14
Q

How is Erythropoietin secretion stimulated

A

responds to tissue hypoxia or low oxygen levels

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15
Q

Define Apoferritin

A

Iron absorbed

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16
Q

Define Ferritin

A

Iron sub microscopic

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17
Q

Define Hemosiderin

A

Iron Seen with microscope

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18
Q

Define Transferrin

A

Iron transported

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19
Q

What is Asynchrony

A

nuclear maturation and cytoplasm not maturating at same rate

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20
Q

What is Karyorrhexis

A

nuclear fragmentation

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21
Q

How does the RBC count vary for physiological reasons and what are some conditions that cause it to vary

A

Pulminary cardiac disease, congestive heart failure

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22
Q

What are the characteristics of a good RBC diluent

A

Isotonic

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23
Q

How do you calculate a RBC count when it is performed on a Hemocytometer

A

average total, multiply by 10,000

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24
Q

What is the structure of normal Hemoglobin A

A
  • 2 Alpha

- 2 Beta

25
Q

What pathway provides most of the energy for a mature RBC

A

glycolysis

26
Q

What pathway functions to protect hemoglobin from oxidation

A

HMP Shunt

27
Q

In order to function as an oxygen carrier, the iron in hemoglobin must be in what oxidation state

A

2+

28
Q

What is the Sahli method of hemoglobin determination and to what molecule is hemoglobin converted in this method

A

-acid hematin

29
Q

What Hemoglobin pigment can NOT be converted to Oxyhemoglobin

A

Sulf Hemoglobin

30
Q

Which manual hematology procedure is the most reliable and reproducible

A

Hematacrit

31
Q

What test measures the percentage of the RBC volume of whole blood and how is it performed

A

Hematacrit

  • fill hematacrit to 1/2 - 2/3 full
  • centrifuge for opt amount of time
  • dont squeeze finger
32
Q

Name two methods for performing the test named in #25 and indicate why one method is perferred over the other

A
  • wintro method

- micro method is preferred (manual test)

33
Q

What test measures the “Suspension Stability “ of RBC

A

sed rate

34
Q

Name two methods used for the ESR

A
  • wintron

- westergren

35
Q

Which one usese a saline dilution and why is it used

A

westergren off sets the effective anemia

36
Q

What factors can cuase an increased ESR

A

abnormal protein

  • bacterial infection
  • multiple myloma
37
Q

What factors can cuase an decreased ESR

A

sicklecell anemia

-spherocites

38
Q

If given the RBC, Hgb, and Hct, be aable to calculate the MCV, MCH, & MCHC

A
  • MCV= Hct/RBC(millions, 4.0x10^6) multiply by 10
  • MCH=Hgb/RCB x10
  • MCHC(w/v)=Hgb (g/dl)/Hct x100
39
Q

What is “the rule of three”

A
  • 3x’s RBC = Hgb or

- 3x’s Hgb=Hct

40
Q

What test is the most reliable assessment of the effective erythroid activity of the bone marrow

A

retic count

41
Q

What is the normal reticulocyte count

A

aprox 1% for adults 0.5-2

42
Q

What stains are used for this procedure

A

newmethelyn blue

43
Q

How are retics observed on a Wright’s stained smear

A

blue/ polytchromaticasia

44
Q

What reagent is used for the sickle cell solubility test

A

sodium dithyanide

45
Q

What reagent is used for the slide test

A

sodium

46
Q

How is the Sickle cell solubility test read

A

microscope

47
Q

How is the Slide Test Read

A

black lines through the tube
see the lines (=)
cant see the lines is (+)

48
Q

What is the reagent used in the osmotic fragility test

A

saline

49
Q

How is the osmotic fragility test read

A

read the color of the supernatn on the spectrotomiter

50
Q

What conditions cause an increased osmotic fragility

A

hemolitic anemia

51
Q

What conditions cause a decreased osmotic fragility

A

tgt cells, thalysemia, sicklecell anemia

52
Q

*OUTLINE for the LECTURE on Abnormal RBC *

A

Only pick 4
Variation in structure-gel bodies,
variation in size-Macrosites, Meso, micro
Shape- sicklecells, shistocites, spherophytes
Color- hypochromia, polychromasia

53
Q

What is the Chemical Composition for Basophilic Stippling

A

RNA

54
Q

What is the Chemical Composition for Heinz Bodies

A

Denatured Hemoglobin

55
Q

What is the Chemical Composition for Howell-Jolly Bodies

A

DNA

56
Q

What is the Chemical Composition for Pappenheimer Bodies

A

Iron

57
Q

According to their composition, which of these should be counted as retic. in a retic count
(Basophilic Stippling, Heinz Bodies,Howell-Jolly Bodies, Pappenheimer Bodies)

A
  • HJB’s, Heinz, Pappenheimer do not count

- Basophilic should be counted

58
Q

What is the most commonly used method for hemoglobin determination in the modern hematology lab

A

-Cyanmethemoglobin

Hemotology/Hemostasis (8 decks)

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