Exam 1 Flashcards
What controls the entrance and exit of substances into and out of blood cells
cell membrane
Where is the main site of Hematopoiesis in the fetus?
Liver
Where is the main site of Hematopoiesis in the adult
Bone marrow
What is the major site of extramedullary hematopoiesis
Spleen
What three major criteria are used to identify blood cells
size, shape of nucleus, characteristics of cytoplasm
How is bone marrow cellularity determined
of nucleated blood cells to the total number of cells in fat
What is the normal M:E ratio
4:1
How does a doctor use a bone marrow exam
diagnosis, evaluation of treatment, assessment of iron stores
what is the dualistic theory of blood cell origin (pg9)
Granulocytes originate from nongranular marrow precursors, and lymphocytes originate from lymphoid tissue
What are the stages of RBC development from youngest to oldest
- Ruberblast (youngest)
- prorubricyte
- Rubercyte (start to see Hgb)
- metarubacyte (loss of nucleus)
What is the average life of RBC
100-120 days
What is Erythropoietin
a hormone secreted by the kidneys that increases the rate of production of red blood cells in response to falling levels of oxygen in the tissues
Where is Erythropoietin produced
kidneys
How is Erythropoietin secretion stimulated
responds to tissue hypoxia or low oxygen levels
Define Apoferritin
Iron absorbed
Define Ferritin
Iron sub microscopic
Define Hemosiderin
Iron Seen with microscope
Define Transferrin
Iron transported
What is Asynchrony
nuclear maturation and cytoplasm not maturating at same rate
What is Karyorrhexis
nuclear fragmentation
How does the RBC count vary for physiological reasons and what are some conditions that cause it to vary
Pulminary cardiac disease, congestive heart failure
What are the characteristics of a good RBC diluent
Isotonic
How do you calculate a RBC count when it is performed on a Hemocytometer
average total, multiply by 10,000
What is the structure of normal Hemoglobin A
- 2 Alpha
- 2 Beta
What pathway provides most of the energy for a mature RBC
glycolysis
What pathway functions to protect hemoglobin from oxidation
HMP Shunt
In order to function as an oxygen carrier, the iron in hemoglobin must be in what oxidation state
2+
What is the Sahli method of hemoglobin determination and to what molecule is hemoglobin converted in this method
-acid hematin
What Hemoglobin pigment can NOT be converted to Oxyhemoglobin
Sulf Hemoglobin
Which manual hematology procedure is the most reliable and reproducible
Hematacrit
What test measures the percentage of the RBC volume of whole blood and how is it performed
Hematacrit
- fill hematacrit to 1/2 - 2/3 full
- centrifuge for opt amount of time
- dont squeeze finger
Name two methods for performing the test named in #25 and indicate why one method is perferred over the other
- wintro method
- micro method is preferred (manual test)
What test measures the “Suspension Stability “ of RBC
sed rate
Name two methods used for the ESR
- wintron
- westergren
Which one usese a saline dilution and why is it used
westergren off sets the effective anemia
What factors can cuase an increased ESR
abnormal protein
- bacterial infection
- multiple myloma
What factors can cuase an decreased ESR
sicklecell anemia
-spherocites
If given the RBC, Hgb, and Hct, be aable to calculate the MCV, MCH, & MCHC
- MCV= Hct/RBC(millions, 4.0x10^6) multiply by 10
- MCH=Hgb/RCB x10
- MCHC(w/v)=Hgb (g/dl)/Hct x100
What is “the rule of three”
- 3x’s RBC = Hgb or
- 3x’s Hgb=Hct
What test is the most reliable assessment of the effective erythroid activity of the bone marrow
retic count
What is the normal reticulocyte count
aprox 1% for adults 0.5-2
What stains are used for this procedure
newmethelyn blue
How are retics observed on a Wright’s stained smear
blue/ polytchromaticasia
What reagent is used for the sickle cell solubility test
sodium dithyanide
What reagent is used for the slide test
sodium
How is the Sickle cell solubility test read
microscope
How is the Slide Test Read
black lines through the tube
see the lines (=)
cant see the lines is (+)
What is the reagent used in the osmotic fragility test
saline
How is the osmotic fragility test read
read the color of the supernatn on the spectrotomiter
What conditions cause an increased osmotic fragility
hemolitic anemia
What conditions cause a decreased osmotic fragility
tgt cells, thalysemia, sicklecell anemia
*OUTLINE for the LECTURE on Abnormal RBC *
Only pick 4
Variation in structure-gel bodies,
variation in size-Macrosites, Meso, micro
Shape- sicklecells, shistocites, spherophytes
Color- hypochromia, polychromasia
What is the Chemical Composition for Basophilic Stippling
RNA
What is the Chemical Composition for Heinz Bodies
Denatured Hemoglobin
What is the Chemical Composition for Howell-Jolly Bodies
DNA
What is the Chemical Composition for Pappenheimer Bodies
Iron
According to their composition, which of these should be counted as retic. in a retic count
(Basophilic Stippling, Heinz Bodies,Howell-Jolly Bodies, Pappenheimer Bodies)
- HJB’s, Heinz, Pappenheimer do not count
- Basophilic should be counted
What is the most commonly used method for hemoglobin determination in the modern hematology lab
-Cyanmethemoglobin
