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H.O.E > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

Study of form and structure (Greek word: to cut up)

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2
Q

Physiology

A

Study of processes

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3
Q

Pathophysiology

A

Study of how diseases affects the body function

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4
Q

Organization of tissues, organs, cells, and systems?

A

Cells to tissues to organs to systems

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5
Q

Protoplasm

A

Basic substance of life; substance within the cell including the membrane; made of ordianry elements; 90% water and contains mineral salts, gasses, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.

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6
Q

How many embryo cells does it take to make one muscle fiber cell?

A

100

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7
Q

Tiniest cell in the human body? (Most trouble)

A

Sperm

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8
Q

Cell membrane

A

Made out of phoso-lipids, and carbohydrates. Forms a boundary creates a huge area for chemical reaction. It controls what goes in and out of the cell

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9
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The liquid in the cell. They chytoplasm is very similar to the plasma in the blood. 90% of water. Protein, carbohydrates, and fats. All catabolic and anabolic reactions go on in the here.

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10
Q

Organelles

A

Maintain the life of the cell. Organelles direct activity. Controls the cell.

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11
Q

Nucleus

A

The brain of the cell. A jelly like mass. Controls all activities. Cell division

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12
Q

Nucleolous

A

Located within the nucleus. Holds the DNA. Copy cells. Produces ribosomes.

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13
Q

Chromatin

A

Made out of DNA and protein. When the cells start to divide they form chromosomes

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14
Q

46 Chromosomes- 23 each pair

A

30,000 to 45,000 genes at conception

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15
Q

Centrosome

A

Located near the center of the cell.Major role during mitosis. Create spindles so you have an equal amount of chromosomes

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16
Q

Mitochondia

A

Rod shaped organelles. They are the power house of the cell. Source of energy(ATP)

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17
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Made out of the membrane like the plasma membrane. They “gift wrap” all the secretions made by the cells.

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18
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Network that runs from the nucleus to the plasma membrane. Also aids in the synthesis of proteins. Two different kinds of reticulums: Rough and smooth.

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19
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Have no ribosomes and they produce and they produce fats and the steroid like cells

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20
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Has ribosomes

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21
Q

Vacuoles

A

Storage unit. Stores waste products. Biggest waste produce are carbon dioxide and urea.

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22
Q

Lysosomes

A

Oval shaped. Contain digestive enzymes. They break things down-old cells, foreign matter, and toxic waste.

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23
Q

Pinocytic Vesicles

A

Smaller particles that they cells need to maintain the energy level. Lot of fluids use these.

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24
Q

Mitosis

A

Asexual reproduction process used by most cells; different types of cells will reproduce at different rates for mitosis; they system that reproduces the fastest is skin; Muscle cells go through mitosis but only do it once every couple of months; brain cells and nervous system will never go through mitosis; the heart will never go through mitosis

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25
Q

Asexual

A

Reproduces by themselves (daughter cells) identical to “mother” cells

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26
Q

Desquamate

A

The sloughing of the cells

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27
Q

Process of Meiosis

A

When sex cells reproduce

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28
Q

Chromosomes

A

23 in each male and female sex cells (total of 46)

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29
Q

What does zygote mean?

A

We have fertilization

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30
Q

Fertilization takes place where?

A

In the fallopian tube (7 days to travel the fallopian tube)

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31
Q

Tissue

A

Cells of same type joined together; made out of 69%-90% water; second link in the organization of the human body

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32
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Repairs its self the quickest; usually found in areas that things need to slide over it. (lining skin, lining of the heart, lining of the bone)

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33
Q

Connective tissue

A

All sorts of tissues; used for structure, posture, insulation, and padding. Carriers blood.

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34
Q

Nerve tissue

A

Only in the brain, spinal cords, and nerves.Its purpose electrical wiring and controls tissues. Hardest to repair if damaged. Cannot repair destroyed tissues. These cells can’t reproduce

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35
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

To protect the body. 3 types (Skeletal, myocardium, smooth muscle)

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36
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Voluntary; your deltoids, gluts, and diaphragm

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37
Q

Myocardium

A

Cardiac muscle; only found in the heart; involuntary; Once it is destroyed it is gone forever

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38
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Involuntary; found in hallow organs; your stomach, uterus; helps with digestion; propel things through the body using peristalsis

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39
Q

Peristalsis

A

Wavelike contraction

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40
Q

Organs

A

tow or more tissues joined together for a specific purpose

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41
Q

Systems

A

Organs and other body parts joined together for a particular function

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42
Q

Body Planes

A

Imaginary lines drawn through body at various levels to separate body into section

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43
Q

Anatomic position

A

Palms out arms out

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44
Q

Transverse plane (directional terms)

A

Anything we cut across (top to bottom)

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45
Q

Midsagittal or Median plane (Directional terms)

A

Cut in half (right and left)

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46
Q

Frontal plane (directional terms)

A

Front plane

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47
Q

Cornel plane (directional terms)

A

back plane

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48
Q

Proximal (directional terms)

A

Close to the site of origin

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49
Q

Distal (directional terms)

A

Away from the site of origin

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50
Q

Anterior & Ventral (directional terms)

A

The front

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51
Q

Postural and dorsal (direction terms)

A

The back

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52
Q

Cavities

A

Spaces within the body contain vital organs

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53
Q

Cranial Cavity

A

The cranial cavity protects the bone (in the dorsal or posterior cavity)

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54
Q

Spinal Cavity

A

Protects the spinal cord (in the dorsal or posterior cavity)

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55
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A

Chest cavity protected by bone and muscle, protected by ribs, houses the hearts, lungs, and great vessels

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56
Q

Abdominal Cavity

A

Begins at the diaphragm (separates the thoracic from the abdominal cavity) only protected by muscles. (Gangs used these to kill people) (3 minutes to bleed out)

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57
Q

Pelvic Cavity

A

Sits within the pelvic bone. Protected by bones and muscle. Protects reproduction and bladder.

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58
Q

Skin’s Structures

A

Sweat glands, oil glands, hair, nails

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59
Q

Skin is called what?

A

A membrane, and organ

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60
Q

Epidermis

A

first layer of the skin; mechanical barrier (roof) keeps things in

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61
Q

Dermis

A

“true” skin blood vessels, nerves, majority of the work is done for the skin.

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62
Q

Hypodermis

A

Inner most layer made up of adipose tissue. For insulation, energy, structure to hold to the next layer of the human body

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63
Q

Sudoriferous Glands

A

Sweat glands

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64
Q

Nails

A

made of dead, epithelial tissue. To protected fingers and to aid in gripping

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65
Q

Integumentary System (Skin)

A

Protection, sensory perception, regulation of body temperature, storage, execration, production of Vitamin D, and absorpation

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66
Q

Skin color pigmentation

A

Skin color is inherited and determined by pigments in the epidermis

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67
Q

Melanin

A

Brownish pigment to your skin

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68
Q

Carotene

A

yellowish, red pigment to your skin

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69
Q

Albino

A

Absecne of skin pigments; skin has pinkish tint; hair is pale yellow or white; eyes are red in color and sensitive to light

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70
Q

Erythema

A

Reddish abnormal skin color; caused by tissue damage, vaso dilation

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71
Q

Jaundice

A

Yellowish discoloration due to a build up of the bile. Associated with liver failure. First sign is yellow eyes

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72
Q

Cyanosis

A

Bluish discoloration due to lack of oxygen. Lack of oxygen to the tissue. Good when you are cold. Associated with heart and lung disease

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73
Q

Skeletal System

A

Made of organs called bones (206); serves as framework for muscles, fat, and skin; protects internal structures; produces blood cells; stores calcium, and phosphorous; acts as levers for the human body

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74
Q

Long Bones

A

Longer than they are wide

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75
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft or middle part of your long bone

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76
Q

Epiphysis

A

Ends of long bones

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77
Q

Between the diaphysis and the Epiphysis

A

Growth plates

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78
Q

Medullary canal

A

Center of the middle of the long bones; filled with yellow marrow; made out of adipose tissue

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79
Q

Yellow Marrow

A

Allows you to walk, run, and do stuff without injuring the bone

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80
Q

Endosteum

A

Lines the medullary cavity; looks shiny

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81
Q

Red marrow

A

Produces blood cells; stem cells come from here; ends of the long bones and in the flat bones

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82
Q

Bone Marrow (transplant)

A

Hardest transplant ever

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83
Q

Periosteum

A

Tough outside layer of the bone; protects the bone; forms a mechanical barrier; contains the blood and lymphatic vessels of the bone

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84
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Covers the ends of the long bones; aids in the joints (joint replacement)

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85
Q

Axial (skeleton)

A

main trunk of body; skull, spinal column, ribs, and sternum

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86
Q

Appendicular (skeleton)

A

Extremities; shoulder girdle, arm bones, pelvic girdle, and leg bones

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87
Q

Frontal bone

A

Forehead

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88
Q

Parietal bones

A

Side bones

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89
Q

Temporal bones

A

Temporal bone (two)

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90
Q

Occipital bone

A

Bone in the back (lower) you cannot see that on a normal x-ray

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91
Q

Ethmoid bone

A

only bone you cannot see external (deep inside behind nose) joins with every other bone

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92
Q

Spheroid bone

A

The floor of your cranial cavity, looks like a butterfly

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93
Q

Sutures (bone)

A

Fusses cranial bones together

94
Q

Fontanels

A

Soft spots in the head. Makes breathing eaiser

95
Q

Sinuses (bone)

A

Spaces or caved out areas inside the skull and facial bones (warm, humidify air, lighten load of the skull)

96
Q

Foramina (bones)

A

Hole in the bone that allows for the passage way of nerves, spinal cord, and blood vessels

97
Q

Only movable mandible?

A

Jaw bone

98
Q

Maxilla

A

Upper jaw

99
Q

Two zygomatic bones

A

Cheek bones

100
Q

Lacrimal

A

Inner part of your eye

101
Q

Palatine

A

bone makeup of roof of your mouth

102
Q

Spinal column

A

25 bones; protects the spinal cord; suppers head and trunk;

103
Q

Cervical

A

(7) in the neck

104
Q

Thoracic vertebrae

A

(12) chest, attached to ribs

105
Q

Lumbar

A

(5) waist

106
Q

Sacrum

A

(1) back of pelvic girdle

107
Q

Coccyx

A

(1) tailbone

108
Q

Ribs

A

12 pairs of long slender bones; attached to thoracic vertebrae;

109
Q

True ribs

A

first 7 pairs; attached to sternum

110
Q

False ribs

A

8,9,10

111
Q

Floating ribs

A

11 & 12

112
Q

Sternum

A

Breastbone; consist of three parts (look lke a dagger); two clavicles attach (collarbone), ribs attach with cartilage

113
Q

Abduction

A

Movement away from the midline

114
Q

Adduction

A

Movement towards the midline

115
Q

Adipose Tissue

A

fatty tissue

116
Q

Anterior

A

Before or in front of

117
Q

Aorta

A

Largest artery in the body; carriers blood away from the heart

118
Q

Aortic Valve

A

Flap or cusp located between the left ventricle of the heart and the aorta

119
Q

Apena

A

Absence of respiration; temporary cessation of respirations

120
Q

Arteriole

A

Smallest branch of an artery; vessel that connects arteries to capillaries

121
Q

Bradycardia

A

Slow heart rate; usually below 60 beats per minute

122
Q

Capillaries

A

Tiny blood vessel that connects arterioles and venues and allows for exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and body cells

123
Q

Cataract

A

Condition of the eye where the lens becomes cloudy or opaque, leading to blindness

124
Q

Cerebellum

A

The section of the brain that is dorsal the pons and medulla oblongata; maintains balance and equilibrium

125
Q

Cerebrum

A

Largest section of the brain; involved in sensory interoperation and voluntary muscle activity

126
Q

Cervix

A

Entrance to or lower part of the uterus

127
Q

Cilia

A

Hairlike projections

128
Q

Circumduction

A

Moving in a circle at a joint, or moving one end of a body part in a circle while the other end remains stationary

129
Q

Cochlea

A

Snail-shaped section the inner ear; contains the organ of Corti for hearing

130
Q

Color of blood

A

Red

131
Q

Conjunctiva

A

Mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the anterior part of the sclera of the eye

132
Q

Contracture

A

Tightening or shortening of a muscle

133
Q

Contractility

A

To shorten, decrease in size, or draw together

134
Q

Cornea

A

The transparent section of the sclera; allows light rays to enter the eye

135
Q

Diastolic

A

Period of relaxation of the heart

136
Q

Diencephalon

A

The section of the brain between the cerebrum and midbrain; contains the thalamus and hypothalamus

137
Q

Dyspnea

A

Difficult or labored breathing

138
Q

Ejaculatory Duct

A

In the male, duct or tube from the seminal vesicle to the urethra

139
Q

Embolus

A

A blood clot or mass of material circulation in the blood vessels

140
Q

Epididymis

A

Tightly coiled tube in the scrotal sac; connects the testes with the vas or ductus deferens

141
Q

Epilepsy

A

A chronic disease of the nervous system characterized by motor and sensory dysfunction, sometimes accompanied by convulsions and unconsciousness

142
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells (RBC)

143
Q

Extension

A

Increasing the angle between two parts; straightening the limb

144
Q

Fascia

A

Fibrous membrane covering, supporting, and separating muscles

145
Q

Flexion

A

Decreasing the angle between two parts; bending a limb

146
Q

Function of Thrombocyte

A

(platelet) blood cell required for clotting of the blood

147
Q

Function of Bile

A

Aids in the emulsification of fats during digestion

148
Q

Hard palate

A

Bony structure that forms the roof of the mouth

149
Q

Hemoglobin

A

The iron-containting protein of the red blood cells; serves to carry oxygen form the lungs to the tissues

150
Q

Inferior

A

Below; under

151
Q

Involuntary Muscles

A

Independent action not controlled by choice or desire; include

152
Q

Iris

A

Colored portion of the eye; composed of muscular or contractile, tissue that regulates the size of the pupil

153
Q

Joints

A

An articulation, or area where two bones meet or join

154
Q

Lateral

A

Pertaining to the side

155
Q

Lens

A

Crystalline structure suspended behind the phil of the eye; refracts or lens light rays onto the retina;also, the magnifying glass in a microscope

156
Q

Leukocyte

A

White blood cell (WBC)

157
Q

Ligaments

A

Fibrous tissue that connects the bone to bone

158
Q

Medial

A

Pertaining to the middle or midline

159
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

The lower part of the brainstem; controls visual processes such as respiration and heart beat

160
Q

Meninges

A

Membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord

161
Q

Midbrain

A

That portion of the brian that connects the pons and cerebellum; rely center for impulses

162
Q

Mitral Valve

A

Flap or cusp between the left atrium and left ventricle in the heart

163
Q

Muscle tone

A

State of partial muscle contraction providing a state of readiness to act

164
Q

Neuron

A

Nerve cell

165
Q

Organ of Corti

A

Structure in the cochlea of the ear; organ of hearing

166
Q

Origin

A

End or area of a muscle that remains stationary when the muscle contracts

167
Q

Ovaries

A

Endocrine gland or gonad that produces hormones and the female sex cell, or ovum

168
Q

Pancreas

A

Gland that is dorsal to the stomach; secrets insulin and digestive juices

169
Q

Paraplegia

A

Paralysis of the lower half of the body

170
Q

Parasympathetic

A

A division of the autonomic nervous system

171
Q

Perineum

A

Region between the vagina and anus in the female and between the scrotum and anus in the male

172
Q

Phlebitis

A

Inflammation of a vein

173
Q

Pons

A

That portion of the brainstem that connects the medulla oblongata and cerebellum to the upper portions of the brain

174
Q

Pleura

A

A serous membrane that covers the lungs and lines the thoracic cavity

175
Q

Posterior

A

Toward the back; behind

176
Q

Pupil

A

Opening or hole in the center of the iris of the eye; allows light to enter the eye

177
Q

Pulmonary valve

A

Flap or cusp between the right ventricle of the heart and the pulmonary artery

178
Q

Pyrexia

A

fever

179
Q

Quadriplegia

A

Paralysis below the neck; paralysis of arms and legs

180
Q

Retina

A

Th sensory membrane that lines the eye and is the immediate instrument of vision

181
Q

Rotation

A

Movement around a central axis; a turing

182
Q

Salivary Amylase

A

Breaks food up in the mouth

183
Q

Salivary Glands

A

Glands of the mouth that produce saliva, a digestive secretion

184
Q

Sclera

A

White outer coat of the eye

185
Q

Scrotum

A

Double pouch containing the testes and epididymis in the male individual

186
Q

Semicircular canals

A

Structures of the inner ear that are involved in maintaining balance and equilibrium

187
Q

Seminal vesicle

A

One of two saclike structures behind the bladder and connected to the vas deferens in the male individual; secrets thick , viscous fluid for semen

188
Q

Superior

A

Above, on top, or higher than

189
Q

Tachycarida

A

Fast, rapid, heart beat; usually more than 100 beats per minute in an adult

190
Q

Tendon

A

Fibrous connective tissue that connects muscles to bone

191
Q

Testes

A

Gonads or endocrine glands that are located in the scrotum of the male and that produce sperm and male hormones

192
Q

Thrombocyte

A

Platelets

193
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

Flap or cusp between the right atrium and right ventricle in the heart

194
Q

Varicose veins

A

swollen veins

195
Q

Vas deferens

A

Also called the ductus deferens; the tube that carrie sperm and semen from the epidermis to the ejaculatory duct in the male body

196
Q

Veins

A

Blood vessels that carries blood back to the heart

197
Q

Ventricles

A

One of two lower chambers of the heart; also a cavity in the brain

198
Q

Venules

A

The smaller type of vein; connects capillaries and veins

199
Q

Vestibule

A

Small space or cavity at the beginning of a canal

200
Q

Villi

A

Tiny projections from a surface; in the small intestine, projections that aid in the absorption of nutrients

201
Q

Voluntary muscles

A

Under one’s control; done by one’s choice or desire

202
Q

Amount of blood in humans

A

The body pumps 2,000 gallons of blood a day

203
Q

Arteries

A

Carry blood away from the heart. (Aorta is the largest in the body)

204
Q

Buccal Cavity

A

mouth (tongue and teeth)

205
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

forms the walls of the heart and contracts to circulate blood

206
Q

Cellular Respirations

A

cells use oxygen and nutrients to produce energy, water, and carbon dioxide.

207
Q

Circulatory system

A

Cardiovascular system; “transportation”; consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood

208
Q

Cirrhosis

A

Chronic destruction of liver cells accompanied by the formation of fibrous connective and scar tissue

209
Q

Clotting Proteins

A

Thrombocytes

210
Q

Cranial Cavity

A

Contains the brain

211
Q

Digestive System

A

Digests food physically and chemically, transports food, absorbs nutrients, eliminates waste; mouth salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

212
Q

Dorsal Cavity

A

One long, continuous cavity located on the back of the body divided into two sections: cranial cavity and spinal cavity

213
Q

Endocrine system

A

Produces and secrets hormones to regulate body processes; contains: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and thymus glands; pancreas, ovaries, testes

214
Q

External Respirations

A

is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and blood stream

215
Q

Hemiplegia

A

Weakness or paralysis on one side of the body

216
Q

Internal respirations

A

is the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between the tissue cells and the bloodstream

217
Q

Olfactory recceptors

A

Located in the upper part of the nasal cavity. (Sense of smell)

218
Q

Orbital cavity

A

eyes

219
Q

platelets

A

fragments or pieces of cells that are formed in the bone marrow and live for about 5-9 days.

220
Q

Respiratory system

A

breathes in oxygen and elimates carbon dioxide; nose pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

221
Q

Somatic system

A

carries messages between the CNS and the body

222
Q

Sympathetic system

A

nervous system prepares the body to act by increasing heart rate, repiration, and blood pressure, and slowing activity in the digestive tract

223
Q

Systolic

A

ventricular contraction

224
Q

Thrombophlephitis

A

Thrombus or clot

225
Q

Urinary system

A

filters bdlood to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance in the body, produces and eliminates urine

226
Q

Biology

A

the science of life or living matter in all its forms and phenomena, especially with reference to origin, growth, reproduction, structure, and behavior.

227
Q

Afferent nerves

A

toward the cell

228
Q

Efferent nerves

A

away from the cell

229
Q

Axon

A

a usually long and single nerve-cell process that usually conducts impulses away from the cell body

230
Q

Basophils

A

a white blood cell containing basophilic granules that is similar in function to a mast cell

H.O.E (7 decks)

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