Exam 4 Flashcards
1
Q
How do you go from the microphone (speech signal) to the recovered glottal flow signal?
A
Inverse filter
2
Q
changing _______ changes how how quickly the flow is _________
A
adduction
shut off
3
Q
For the F1, how much of the wave fits in the tube? For the F2? For the F3?
A
¼ wave = F1
¾ wave = F2
5/4 wave = F3
4
Q
T/F If the pitch goes up it is harder to measure the formant frequencies.
A
True
5
Q
The burst is an _______-like sound source event.
A
impulse
6
Q
Sibilants have ______ energy (_____) spectrograms because the air is hitting the obstacle directly.
A
higher
(darker)
7
Q
________ has a pressure antinode (velocity minimum) just past the velum and then decreasing pressure (increasing velocity) through the rest of the oral cavity.
A
F2
8
Q
What are the corner vowels?
A
/i/, /u/, /ae/, /a/
9
Q
when tongue moves from the position of one vowel to the position of another vowel in one phoneme
A
diphthong
10
Q
It is easiest to distinguish approximates by the transition from the previous vowel to the semivowel for from the semivowel to the next vowel. This is called a
A
formant transition
11
Q
Non-sibilants are ______ and the spectrum does not have a clear _______
A
quieter
“peak”
12
Q
What are two important features of a diphthong?
A
- second formant frequency changes more than the first formant frequency
- similar to monphthongs, diphthongs have little overlap in the change in the formant frequencies that occur
13
Q
When the glottis is maximally open, there is __________ airflow through the glottis.
A
maximum
14
Q
The burst occurs the instant the pressure is _____ from behind the closure location.
A
released
15
Q
Voiced fricatives have a __________ near the fundamental frequency.
A
“voicing bar”
16
Q
What is the antiresonance for the velar nasal sound (ing)?
A
no antiresonant
17
Q
- lip rounding: the first resonant frequency (R1), second resonant frequency (R2), and third resonant frequency (R3) ________ as lip rounding increases in Stevens & Houses theory
A
decrease
18
Q
T/F Fricatives are easier to distinguish on a spectrum.
A
true
19
Q
List the three ways the source can change.
A
- pitch
- adduction
- quality
20
Q
What does a wideband spectrogram show?
A
formant frequency, study different vowels
21
Q
Separating the lips to change from a /b/ to a vowel will [increase/decrease] the F1 and F2 values.
A
increase
22
Q
Aspiration is turbulent airflow at the level of the vocal folds as the ______ begins to narrow for the production of the next vowel.
A
glottis
23
Q
______ = length of time for one cycle of vocal fold vibration
A
period
24
Q
The response of the vocal tract damps out because of
A
friction
absorption
radiation
25
How do you change from the glottal flow to the source spectrum?
Fourier analysis
26
__________ has a pressure node (velocity maximum) around the velum and a pressure antinode (velocity minimum) just behind the alveolar ridge.
F3
27
Most vowels are ____ produced with the vocal tract shaped like a uniform tube.
not
28
Part 1:
Part 2:
Part 3 & 4:
closure interval aka stop gap
burst (release interval)
friction & aspiration
29
Moving the tongue constriction forward when changing from a /g/ to a vowel will [increase/decrease] the F2.
increase
30
1. tongue height: the first resonant frequency (R1) is ____ related to tongue height in Stevens & House theory
inversely
31
What are the axes for a spectrogram?
x axis: time
y axis: frequency
32
When the bandwidth of the formant frequencies is wider, the amplitude of the formant frequency will be
lower
33
The /l/ sound involves the airstream passing over the ____ of the tongue.
sides
34
T/F An SLP should allow compensatory misarticulations of stop consonants in people with a cleft palate.
false, SLP should teach the correct place of articulation
35
Changes in ______
Changes to the source spectrum = harmonics are not related to the source by the formula H#=#*F0
quality
36
________ stops at a constriction until the ___________ builds up enough to force the constriction apart.
airflow
pressure
37
air particles flow in a smooth path leading to a periodic sound
laminar airflow
38
Vocal tract length
Male: ________
17.5 cm
39
___________: Voicing occurs before the burst
voicing lead
40
The air hits the obstacle ____
This gives the aperiodic source of sound _____ energy than non-sibilants.
directly
more
41
For a non-sibilant the air hits the obstacle ______ or does not hit an obstacle at all (/h/).
indirectly
42
_____ & ______ found that each vowel generally has its own range of ____ _____ that do not overlap much.
Peterson & Barney
Formant values
43
measures are a measure of the area enclosed by the corner vowel
vowel space area
44
The source creating sound is required for ______ and voiced _________
vowel sounds
voiced consonants
45
Turbulent airflow leads to an _________sound source.
aperiodic
46
Voiceless fricatives have ____ energy (darker spectrogram) than voiced fricatives.
more
47
if a constriction is placed at a pressure maximum (velocity minimum), the frequency that vibrates best will always _____ compared to a uniform tube in perturbation theory
increase
48
Moving the tongue constriction backwards when changing from a /d/ to a back vowel will [increase/decrease] the F2.
decrease
49
Usually the vocal tract is _______ before the previous cycle damps out.
re-excited
50
Know the different closure locations:
bilabial, alveolar, velar
51
Closed end of the tube =
_____ ______
pressure is?
vocal folds
Maximum
52
What are nodes and antinodes in a pressure wave?
Nodes = atmosphere pressure (i.e., middle)
Antinode = minimum or maximum
53
Does vowel nasalization happen for anticipatory coarticulation, carryover coarticulation or both?
Both
54
When a nasal sound is produced, vowels around it become _______
nasalized
55
What does the source spectrum show?
As frequency increases, amplitude decreases
56
the how is _____ of articulation
manner
57
-The burst is very short and may be absent depending on the speaker and the context.
-When the constriction is released, the vocal tract is still very narrow
-The airflow velocity is very high after the burst release
-This creates _________airflow.
turbulent
58
For a non-sibiliant the air hits the obstacle indirectly. This gives the aperiodic source of sound ______ energy than sibilants.
less
59
T/F The acoustic graph of the vowels shows the amount of tongue advancement and the tongue height.
False, they show F1 and F2
physiological graph shows tongue advancement and height
60
What pitch will make it harder to measure the formant frequencies: 80 Hz or 300 Hz?
300 Hz
61
______________: Voicing occurs just after the burst or at the same time as the burst
short voicing lag
62
Someone with a cleft palate will change the ______ of articulation for stop consonants to allow more air pressure to build up.
place
63
During a ________ stop, Patm < Po < Psub
voiced
64
What does a narrowband spectrogram show?
harmonic frequency
65
__________ ______ = space between the lines on the spectrum
Harmonic spacing
66
When is energy lost for voiced fricatives?
1. Changing glottal airflow (laminar airflow)
2. when sound travels up the vocal tract to the point of constriction
67
vowel space area varies based on?
1. Age & sex
2. Motor speech disorders
3. Dialect & rate of speech
68
The source of sound for the voiced fricatives is the ______ _______ combined with the _______ from air flowing around an obstruction.
changing glottal airflow
turbulence/aperiodic
69
____ has a decreasing pressure (increasing velocity) through the entire oral cavity.
F1
70
A common error for fricatives is changing the ______ of articulation.
place
71
The _________ _________is very high after the burst release.
airflow velocity
72
______________: Voicing occurs after the burst
long voicing lag
73
Antiresonances are used to determine the _____ of articulation of nasal sounds.
place
74
Oral air pressure during the vowels is near
zero
75
Vocal tract length
Children: _______
8-10 cm
76
What are the three requirements for a sound to be considered an affricate?
1. a stop and a fricative are produced in succession
2. the stop and the fricative have the same place
3. the stop and the fricative have the same voicing
77
What are antiresonances?
A resonant frequency that vibrates through the vocal tract with more amplitude
78
Which vowels have a shorter duration?
Lax vowels
79
Bilabial nasal /m/: has a larger cavity in which the energy is trapped, so the antiresonance has a ______ frequency
lower
80
T/F Fricatives can be voiced or voiceless.
True
81
changing _______ changes the _______ (amplitude) per octave (frequency) decrease in the source spectrum
adduction
dB
octave
82
When the air hits an obstacle directly, the fricative is called a_____
sibilant
83
True/false. Fricatives are produced with laminar airflow only.
false, produced with turbulent airflow
84
if a constriction is placed at a pressure minimum (velocity maximum), the frequency that vibrates best will always _____ compared to a uniform tube in perturbation theory
decrease
85
True/false. The velopharyngeal port is closed for nasal sounds.
false, port is open
86
T/F The /h/ sound is produced with the vocal folds close enough to begin vocal fold vibration
false, they will be close enough to create turbulent airflow, but not close enough to set them into vibration
87
When the formant frequencies are closer together, the amplitude of both formant frequencies will be ____________.
greater
88
Fricatives are produced with a [static/dynamic] filter.
static (i.e., don't change shape of vocal tract during sound)
89
T/F: Airflow through the glottis is an acoustic measure.
False, aerodynamic measure
90
The vocal tract responds ____ _____ per glottal airflow cycle.
one time
91
the where is _____ of articulation
place
92
During a voiceless stop,
Patm __ (Po __ Psub __ Palv)
<, =, =
93
T/F If the pitch goes up the harmonics are closer together.
False, higher pitch = harmonics further apart
94
The darkest region of the spectrogram moves to _____ frequencies (or is absent) the _______ the cavity in front of the constriction gets.
higher
smaller
95
______ (r-colored vowels) still have F1 and F2 values that change using the same rules.
Rhotacized
96
True/false. Nasal sounds are voiceless.
false
97
These are two possible names for the frequencies that vibrate through the vocal tract with the most energy
formant & resonant frequencies
98
What three things determine the amplitude of the formant frequencies?
1. how close the formant frequencies are together
2. the bandwidth of the formant frequencies
3. source-filter interaction
99
_______________ have a pressure node (velocity maximum) at the lips.
F1, F2, & F3
100
if the constriction is placed anywhere in between, the change in the frequency that vibrates best ____ on how close it is to a pressure node or antinode in perturbation theory
depends
101
How do you go from the microphone signal to the output spectrum?
Fourier analysis
102
The burst is very _____and may be _______depending on the speaker and the context.
short
absent
103
T/F The /h/ sound will show up very dark on a spectrogram.
false, it will show up very light because there is little energy
104
Open end of the tube = ___
pressure is?
lips
atmospheric
105
T/F Stevens and House and the perturbation theory are saying the same thing.
true
106
How do you determine if the source and the filter interact?
H#=#*F0
107
What are the axes of the source spectrum graph?
X-axis: frequency (Hz)
Y-axis: relative amplitude (dB)
108
How do you determine the resonance curve from the vocal tract shape?
Tube acoustic calculations
109
air particles flow is irregular leading to an aperiodic sound
turbulent airflow
110
Voiced stops show evidence of voicing on the waveform and spectrogram in two ways. What are those two ways?
1. Vibrating vocal tract tissue
2. Voicing bar on spectrogram
111
Oral pressure during a ______ stop is greater than the oral air pressure during a _____ stop.
voiceless
voiced
112
The source of sound is the changing of ________ ________
glottal airflow
113
A _________________ is a rapid change in formant frequency values from one sound to the next.
formant transition
114
Which vowels have a longer duration?
tense
115
T/F A spectrum is from one moment in time from the microphone signal while a spectrogram is from multiple segments over time.
True
116
When the voiceless stop consonant is between two vowels, the vocal folds must ________for the production of the stop.
separate
117
What are the axes for the graph of the transfer function?
x-axis: frequency (Hz)
y-axis: relative amplitude (dB)
118
The vocal tract acts as a ?
tube resonator
119
Vocal tract length
Female: ________
15 cm
120
Alveolar nasal/n/: has a smaller cavity in which the energy is trapped, so the antiresonance has a _____ frequency
higher
121
What sounds do the nasal sounds become if they are denasalized? When a sound becomes denasalized is the place or manner changing?
stops
manner
122
If the source and the filter do not interact for a specific formant frequency, the amplitude of the formant frequency will be ___________________.
less
123
After the burst release, the vocal folds begin to ______in anticipation of the next vowel.
adduct
124
_____ is the range of frequencies around the formant frequency that get a boost in energy from the vocal tract
bandwidth
125
T/F You can easily differentiate approximates from vowels on a spectrogram.
false
126
When is energy lost for voiceless fricatives?
When air travels up the vocal tract to the point of constriction
127
T/F All approximates are produced with a central stream of air.
false, central and lateral (/l/)
128
T/F A narrowband spectrogram is better for studying the different vowels.
False, wideband is better
129
sibilants are _____ and have a clearer "_____” in the spectrum.
louder
"peak"
130
T/F Air flows from regions of lower pressure to regions of higher pressure.
true
131
2. tongue advancement: the first resonant frequency (R1) _____ and the second resonant frequency (R2) increases as tongue advancement _____ in Stevens & House theory
decreases
increases
132
The /r/ sound involves the top tip raised and _____________ towards the alveolar ridge or the tongue tip is pointed ______________ towards the lower teeth.
curled upward
downward
133
Changes in ______ = airflow shutoff is irregular. Lots of cycle to cycle variation
quality
134
What are the approximates also called?
Glides (semivowels) and liquids
135
How is the vocal tract like a strainer?
1. Vocal tract changes shape to allow different frequencies to vibrate through best
2. Vocal tract only filters sounds that are put into it. It does not create sound!
136
How are nasal sounds like consonants?
Because they have a large degree of constriction in the vocal tract
137
T/F The /l/ sound can only be produced one way and the /r/ sound can be produced two ways.
true
138
When the constriction is released, the vocal tract is still very _______.
narrow
139
The source of sound for the voiceless fricatives is ______ from air flowing around an obstruction.
turbulence/aperiodic
140
What part of an affricate is longer than a stop consonant?
frication
141
What happens to the formant frequencies if we make the length of the vocal tract longer? Shorter?
Shorter vocal tract = higher formant frequency
longer vocal tract = lower frequency
142
Oral air pressure during the fricative ____ as soon as the constriction is put in place and then falls again as the vowel starts.
rises
143
How are pressure and particle velocity related to each other?
What is this principle called?
Inversely related
Bernoulli’s principle
144
When air hits an obstacle indirectly or not at all, the fricative is called a ____________
non-sibilant
145
How are nasal sounds like vowels?
Because they have formant frequencies
146
What are the two ways to change the source of sound?
1. change fundamental frequency
2. change adduction
147
speech output is the combination of what?
1. source of sound
2. filter of sound
3. radiation of sound
148
harmonics that gain energy from the filter
resonant frequencies
149
T/F Narrowband spectrogram lets you see information about the source and fundamental frequency
True
150
T/F Wideband spectrogram lets you see information about the filter and resonant frequency
True
