Exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
relationship between tension (k) and fundamnetal frequency
A
K increase = F0 increase
K decrease = F0 decrease
2
Q
Which muscles adduct the cartilaginous vocal folds?
A
Interarytenoid muscles (IA)
3
Q
T/F when the vocal folds come together, air flow through the glottis is stopped
A
True
4
Q
T/F All articulators can be moved by contracting muscles.
A
False
5
Q
the velopharyngeal port closes for
A
gaging, vomiting, and swallowing
6
Q
Every 1cm of H2O increase in P sub leads to a ? Hz increase in fo
A
2-4 Hz
7
Q
What is a periodic source?
A
Repeating pattern, sound created from air being changed by vocal fold vibration
8
Q
ratio of time the VFs are separated (allowing air to flow) compared to the period
A
Duty cycle
9
Q
What is an aperiodic source?
A
No repeating pattern, sound created from air flowing between articulators
10
Q
List the five layers of the vocal folds.
A
1.Epithelium
2-4. Lamina propria
Superficial lamina propria
Intermediate lamina propria
Deep lamina propria
5.Vocalis M.
11
Q
Once the VFs are close enough together and the PTP is met, the VFs oscillate to _______________ and create a _____________
A
chop up the airflow and create a pressure wave
12
Q
Movement of the VFs toward the midline
A
adduction
13
Q
What are the places for consonant production (7)?
A
- Labial
- Labiodental
- Dental
- Alveolar
- Palatal
- Velar
- Glottal
14
Q
True or False: Subglottal pressure is not required to set the vocal folds into vibration.
A
False, subglottal pressure IS required to set the VFs into vibration
15
Q
Very soft sounds with low subglottal pressure and falsetto sounds happen when what tissue(s) are in vibration?
A
Only cover is in vibration
16
Q
What type of disorder may result in problems with intensity variation in speech?
A
Parkinson’s disease
17
Q
What happens if both the cover and body are in vibration?
A
contraction of the vocalis muscle in this case creates increased tension of the mucosa. This will increase the fundmental frequency
18
Q
Fundamental frequency is a ? for pitch
A
physical term
19
Q
What is an affricate?
A
Oral airway occluded; VP port closed -> air pressure builds up -> air pressure slowly released out the mouth
20
Q
Adduction: some LCA and IA to bring the VFs to midline
Length of the VFs (long): high CT contraction and little VOC contraction
Is what vocal register?
A
Falsetto
21
Q
True or False: Fundamental frequency rises at the end of declarative phrases and falls at the end of interrogative phrases.
A
False
22
Q
What are the 3 mandibular planes:
A
- up and down, 2. side to side, 3. foward and backward
23
Q
Movement of the VFs away from midline
A
Abduction
24
Q
what you expect the sounds to feel like
A
somatosensory target
25
What is the duty cycle for modal register?
50/50
26
What glottal configuration looks like an upside down V?
Convergent
27
T/F In English stress changes (on syllables) and prosody changes are accomplished by changing the loudness, pitch, and duration of vowels.
True
28
What are the types of semivowels?
liquids and glides
29
sounds can be stored in the speech sound map as
individual phonemes, syllables, words
30
What happens when there is feedback about an error from both the somatosensory feedback controller and the auditory feedback controller?
Leads to a change in the motor target
31
Component parts not moved by muscle contraction include:
alveolar ridge, maxillae, hard palate, teeth
32
What is a fricative?
Air is forced through a narrow constriction in the airway, VP port closed, and is released out the mouth
33
The cover becomes slack because the muscle below became ?
Shorter
34
Identify the adductors of the vocal folds
Lateral cricoarytenoid (LCA)
Interarytenoid (IA)
Lateral thyroarytenoid
35
What is a feedback control system?
The disturbance impacts the process then information is sent back to the system AFTER the action has occurred to change what happens next
36
what you want it to sound like
Auditory target
37
What muscles shortens the VFs?
Vocalis/Medial Thyroarytenoid muscle
38
What is the position of the vocal folds for breathing?
Open glottis, abducted VFs, separated VFs.
39
Contraction of the CT muscles increase the length of the cover and the body of the vocal fold. This is a ?
passive increase in tension
40
What muscle increases the length and tension of the vocal folds?
Cricothyroid muscle.
41
What is a feedforward control system?
The disturbance is accounted for both BEFORE the action begins and AS the action is happening so changes can occur before they impact the system
42
List the methods to control vocal fold tension.
- Change the length of VFs
CT muscule or change subglottal pressure
- change the active tension of the VFs
- change the height of the larynx
43
range of frequencies in which the amount of time the VFs are together and the pressure needed to set the VFs into vibration are similar
Vocal register
44
True or False: Sonorants can have a voiceless option.
False, obstruent have a voiceless option because they are created with a constriction narrow enough to create turbulent airflow
45
What is a stop-plosive?
Oral airway occluded; VP port closed -> air pressure builds up -> air pressure is released suddenly out of the mouth
46
What is the intensity comparison between consonants and vowels?
Consonants have less intensity than vowels
47
What is the position of the vocal folds when phonating?
IA adducts the cartilaginous portion along with the LCA.
48
What is the fundamental frequency for falsetto?
M: > 300 Hz
F: > 500 Hz
49
the specific positions of the articulators to create the sound
motor target
50
What is the most common way for sounds to be stored in the speech sound map?
Syllables
51
Adduction: low to high LCA and IA contraction
Length of VFs (short): no CT contraction and varying amounts of VOC contraction
Is what vocal register?
Vocal Fry
52
What is a nasal consonant?
Oral airway occluded; VP port open -> air travels through the nasal cavity and out the nares
53
What are the three parts of the pharynx?
* Nasopharynx
* Oropharynx
* Laryngopharynx
54
T/F When the vocal folds have more mass, that leads to an increase in cycles per second, therefore creating an increased fundamental frequency
False, when the VFs have more mass, they vibrate more slowly. This leads to fewer cycles per second and a lower F0
55
When the vocal folds separate, air is allowed to ? through the glottis. This caused the air particles above the vocal folds to come together and creates a region of ? (i.e., positive pressure).
flow
compression
56
What is the airpressure for vocal fry?
2-5 cm H20
57
How can you counter an increase F0?
1. reducing contraction of the CT muscle to reduce the overall passive tension
2. reducing the vocalis muscle contraction to reduce the active tension of the tissue in motion
58
What happens when the vocalis muscle contracts?
Gets shorter, thicker, and rounder.
59
True or False: The feedforward controller is related to the motor target and the feedback controllers are related to the auditory and somatosensory targets.
True
60
What is the fundamental frequency range for modal register?
M: 75-450 Hz, F: 130-520 Hz, Children: 220-300 Hz.
61
How is acoustic energy created for voiceless consonant sounds?
Obstruent are created with a constriction narrow enough to create turbulent airflow
62
When speech is involved, the VP port is more open when:
Fatigued vs not fatigued
Rapid rate of speech vs slower rate of speech
63
By increasing the length and tension of the vocal folds, you increase the ?
Fundamental frequency
64
What are the two different types of lexical stress?
* Fixed stress
* Phonemic stress
65
the vocal tract is a ?
tube resonator
66
F0 peaks at beginning and falls at end for
declarative phrases
67
What are the steps of Myoelastic aerodynamic theory of phonation?
1. Adductory muscles bring the vocal folds to midline
2. Pressure builds up beneath the vocal folds, in the subglottal region
3. Vocal folds separate and glottis takes on convergent shape
4. Vocal folds return to midline due to tissue elasticity
5. Glottis takes on divergent shape
6. Bernoulli Principle
7. Rarefaction
68
What is carryover coarticulation?
When an earlier sound in a sequence influences the production of a later sound (i.e., gnat)
69
What is the air pressure for falsetto?
6-8 cm H2O.
70
What is the duty cycle in vocal fry?
90/10.
71
Component parts that are moved by contraction of muscles include:
pharynx, mandible, lips, tongue, velum
72
What are the articulator positions for vowels?
* Place (forward & backward movement)
* Degree (up and down movement)
* Lip rounding (rounding & retracting)
73
This is an active increase in tension that MAY result in an increase in F0
when the vocalis muscle contracts
74
True or False: The cartilaginous glottis makes up the posterior 1/3 length of the vocal folds.
True
75
True or False: The vocal folds can vibrate at or below phonation threshold pressure.
True
76
What is the fundamental frequency range for vocal fry?
30-80 Hz.
77
What is the position of the vocal folds for swallowing and speech?
Closed glottis, adducted VFs, VFs are touching.
78
When we phonate the vocal folds move from __ to a particular lateral position back to __. When this happens the vocal folds change length and are the longest at the moment of maximum lateral excursion and the shortest at midline.
midline
79
Which muscle adducts the membranous vocal folds?
Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle (LCA)
80
What type of disorder may result in problems with lexical stress?
Developmental apraxia
81
What are the two parts of the thyroarytenoid muscles?
1. Lateral thyroarytenoid
2. Medial thyroarytenoid
82
Almost all conversational speech and loud vocalizations with high subglottal pressure is when what tissue(s) is in vibration?
cover and body in vibration
83
Two reasons why VF mass could increase?
1. laryngitis, edema (swelling) conditions
2. More respiratory power is being used to vibrate more of the tissue
84
Adducted VFs allow for the subglottal pressure to _______
Increase
85
The process of chopping up the airflow through the opening and closing of the glottis continues at a certain number of cycles per second. This is the ?
fundamental frequency
86
True or False: The model for speech sound production includes both feedforward and feedback control systems.
True
87
What is the duty cycle for falsetto?
0/100
88
What are the three resonating cavities of the vocal tract?
* Pharynx
* Oral cavity
* Nasal cavity
89
What are the articulator positions for consonants?
* Manner (how do the articulators constrict?)
* Place (where is constriction?)
* Voicing
90
This glottal configuration occurs when VFs are maximally separated?
Rectangular
91
True or False: A larger resonating cavity results in higher frequencies being amplified.
False, larger cavity results in lower frequencies being amplified
92
Which layer of the vocal folds is the most compliant?
Epithelium
93
True or false: when the VFs are touching, negative pressure builds up beneath the VFs
False: positive pressure builds up beneath the VFs
94
What is coarticulation?
When articulators want to be efficient when we change from one sound to the next
95
True or False: The somatosensory target is what you want the sound to sound like.
True
96
How are frequently coarticulated sounds likely stored in the speech sound map?
* Auditory target: what you want it to sound like
* Motor target: the specific positions of the articulators to create the sound
* Somatosensory target: what you expect the sounds to feel like
97
What defines a semivowel?
Oral cavity constricted (more than for vowels, but less than for other consonants); VP port closed -> air travels through oral cavity and out the mouth
98
Identify the abductors of the vocal folds
Posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA)
99
What bone is in the larynx?
Hyoid
100
When the jaw opens what narrows?
laryngopharynx
101
True or False: The motor target is the specific positions of the articulators to create the sounds.
true
102
What allows us to change the size and the shape of the vocal tract?
Articulators
103
The velum, the PPW, and the LPW work together to form the ?
velopharyngeal port
104
What is the difference between segmental and suprasegmental?
* Segmental: the acoustic signals that convey linguistic meaning (i.e., phonemes, syllables, words)
* Suprasegmental: the prosodic elements of speech that span across segmentals (i.e., rhythm, stress, intonation patterns)
105
T/F Relaxation of the CT muscle decreases the length of the vocal folds and the f0 goes down.
True
106
The velopharyngeal port open for?
Opens for nasal breathing and production of nasal speech sounds.
107
VFs are like an adjustable valve, they can create varying levels of ________
resistance
108
Phonation threshold pressure (PTP) is dependent on these three factors in the larynx:
Mass
Tension
Tissue health
109
What is the least compliant layer of VFs?
Body/Vocalis M.
110
rules tell you where the stress should go on the word (e.g., the stressed syllable is always the second syllable)
Fixed stress
111
What is the airpressure for modal register?
2-7.5 cm H20
112
What happens if only the cover of the vocal folds is in vibration?
Contraction of the vocalis muscle shortens the VFs and slackens the mucosa, decreasing the tension fo the mucosa. Lowering the fundamental frequency
113
List the cartilages that make up the larynx
1. Epiglottis
2. Thyroid
3. Arytenoid
4. Cricoid
114
F0 rises at the end of the utterance for
interrogative phrases
115
What are the different lip positions?
* Rounded
* Spread
* Neutral
116
True or False: The vocal folds must be brought to midline in order to phonate.
True.
117
minimum amount of pressure needed to build up below the VFs to set them into vibration
Phonation threshold pressure (PTP)
118
What are the three main glottal configurations?
1. Rectangular
2. Divergent
3. Convergent
119
Give one example of how there can be variation in either the auditory, motor, or somatosensory targets.
We can vary the height of the tongue a lot and still /p/ sound but we cannot vary the lip opening at all
120
When does sound occur in relation to the vocal folds?
When the vocal folds snap the airway shut
121
The sound happens because of sudden what in airflow NOT the vocal fold tissue actually hitting together?
reduction in airflow
122
What theory explains self-sustained vocal fold oscillation?
Myoelastic aerodynamic theory of phonation.
123
the stress is part of the word and has to be memorized when learning the language (this is what we use in English)
Phonemic stress
124
What builds up below the vocal folds during phonation?
Phonation threshold pressure (PTP)
125
Where do the vocal folds attach? Front and Back?
Front of the VFs attach to the thyroid cartilage
Back of the VFs attach to the arytenoid cartilages
126
What glottal configuration occurs when the VFs are moving away from midline during the opening phase?
Convergent
127
If the CT and TA muscle are already contracted a lot, increasing laryngeal elevation makes the ?? tense. This increases the tension of the cover causing the fundamental frequency to ? slightly.
Conus Elasticus
Increase
128
T/F Vocal fold oscillation involves muscle contractions because it is not self-sustained.
False, VF oscillation does not involve any muscle contractions. It is a self-sustained process
129
Pitch is the ? term
perceptual
130
T/F The larynx may elevate to a higher position in the neck
True
131
The pharynx is a mobile tube of
muscles and tendons
132
The VFs act as the ? of sound
source
133
The port stays mostly closed for:
production of oral speech sounds
134
The PCA ________ the VFs. This is the position our VFs are in when we ______
abducts
breathe
135
What is the position of the vocal folds in a whisper?
LCA adducts the membranous VFs
136
What three factors does the suprasegmental control system target and monitor?
* Pitch (F0)
* Loudness (intensity)
* Timing (duration)
137
True or False: the air pressure in the vocal tract is atmospheric pressure
True
138
What lengthens the VFs?
Cricothyroid
139
Contraction of which muscle is the primary way to change the fundamental frequency?
Cricothyroid muscle!
140
The vocalis muscle ?
Stiffens
141
True or False: The membranous vocal folds make up the anterior 2/3 length of the vocal folds.
True.
142
What is the relationship between vocal fold mass and fundamental frequency?
Increase M = decrease in F0
Decrease M = increase in F0
143
What glottal configuration occurs when VFs are moving back towards midline during the closing?
Divergent
144
Space between the vocal folds
Glottis
145
This forms the base of the vocal folds and controls vocal fold tension
Conus Elasticus
146
The larynx sits on top of the ______?
Trachea
147
When a person raises pitch by a number of notes, all aspects increase...
CT contraction increases
Vocalis contraction increases
Subglottal pressure increases
Laryngeal heigh may increase
148
What is the difference between an obstruent and a sonorant?
Obstruent = constriction or obstruction; Sonorant = open oral or nasal cavity
149
The vocal tract acts as a ______ _________ with a closed-open configuration
tube resonator
150
What is anticipatory coarticulation?
When a sound later in a sequence influences the production of an earlier sound (i.e., stew)
151
The 'natural frequency' at which the VFs vibrate is due to ? of the larynx, the ? of the tissue in vibration, the amount of ? of the tissue in vibration
- Size of the larynx
- Tension of the tissue
- Mass of the tissue
152
What movements occur in the pharynx?
Lengthening & Shortening
Widening & Narrowing
153
What glottal configuration looks like a V?
Divergent
154
T/F If a person attempts to remain on one pitch but get louder, the necessary increase in subglottal pressure to get louder will increase the lateral excursion of the vocal folds and raise the fundamental frequency.
True
