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exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

-this hormone is released by the thyroid due to high calcium

A

its calcitonin, this deposits the calcium in your bones

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2
Q

genetic vs degenerative disorder that cause lack of movement

A

-genetic (huntingtons, wilsons_
-degenerative (ataxia, parkinson’s)

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3
Q

what are some effects of immobility on a body?

A

-depresion, anxiety
-atelectasis, pneumonia, swallowing difficulties, constipation, dvt,heartburn

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4
Q

at the age of 40 is when muscle and bone loss start to happen

A

FALSE;its at 30

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5
Q

what is dual energy x ray absorptiometry?

A

its used for osteoporosis

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6
Q

sensory deprivation?

A

-due to being in a hospital cases aggression, anxiety, restlessness, reduced pain threshold, insomnia

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7
Q

TENS

A

-transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
-used for chronic pain conditions
-can be used with pain meds
-contraindicated with pregnancy, implantable devices, bleeding disorders, dvt, cancer, seizure

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8
Q

what are strains, spring and contusions

A

-soft tissue injuries

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9
Q

name the degrees of st injuries

A

-first is stretching of fibers, second tearing some to most fibers, third is tearing all

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10
Q

how are older adults at risk for st injuries

A

due to proprioceptions issues, impaired reflexes, and osteoporosis

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11
Q

depression and anxiety can lead to ____?

A

stress fractures

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12
Q

presentation and diagnosis of st injuries?

A

-pain, tenderness, swelling
-plain x ray

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13
Q

PRICE

A

-protect, rest, ice, compress , elevate

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14
Q

causes of back pain

A

-herniated disks, nerve root pain, cancer, infection, aortic aneurysm, meningitis

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15
Q

___ and ___ increase risk of back pin

A

obesity and older age

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16
Q

manifestations of back pain

A

-altered gait, numbness,stiffness, urinary disorder
-fatigue, headache

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17
Q

-straight leg raise tests what
-stork test ?
-adams test?

A

-detects lumbar disk herniation
-interarticular defects
-scoliosis

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18
Q

back pain management

A

-NSAIDS, tens, ice, heat, massage, antidepressants,

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19
Q

surgery/post op care back pain

A

-laminectomy (removal of lesion/herniated disk)
-keep client supine 45 angle for first 2 hrs
-reposition with log roll in knees

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20
Q

what is the most common cause of amputations? and what are other comoborditits

A

-peripheral vascular disease
-diabetes mellitus

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21
Q

lab tests for amputations?

A

-doppler studies
-ankle branchial index (compares systolic of ankle and arm )

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22
Q

prosthesis

A

-fitted 7-10 weeks after surgery
-permananet is fitted 18 months after
-avoid lotions/oils on amputation

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23
Q

phantom pain is treated with what?

A

-anti-epileptic drugs

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24
Q

compare the different types of dementia? vascular, lewy body, frontotemporal

A

-vascular: happens due to blood vessel damage reduces O2 flow
-lewy body:alpha protein deposits in brain
-frontotemporal: happens to people under 60, tau,TDP-43 proteins (loss of neurons)

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25
how does lewy and frontotemporal differently affect a person?
-lewy: thinking, movement, communication -frontotemporal: behavior, language
26
what is the most common cause of dementia?
-alzheimers (due to reduction in O2)
27
risk factors of dementia?
-air pollution exposure -cardiovascular diseases -brain injury -unhealthy diet, fat
28
comorbidity of dementia/
-HTN (disrupts O2 flow), high cholesterol (heart disease)
29
stages of symtoms? early, progressive, severe
-early: memory loss, changes in judgement -pro:wandering, impaired ADLs, speech difficulties -severe: hallucination, delusion
30
what are some external stimuli risk?
-noise, alarms, bright lighting increase confusion
31
meds for lewy body and vascular dementia?
-atypical antipsychotics -vascular: anti-HTN,statins (cholesterol), antihyperglycemics
32
what are some causes of alzheimers?
-amyloid plaques , neuro tangles, beta-amyloid peptides, tau proteins
33
what are some contributors to alzierimers?
-genetic inheritance, trisomy 21, cerebrovascular disease
34
T or F when it happens late onset its due to genetic mutations
FALSE: late onset is due genetics, age and lifestyle -early is due genetic mutation (APOE-e4 gene)
35
interventions for alzheimers
-keep familiar items nearby, reduce noise, limit number of people at a time, listen actively, speak calmly
36
symptoms of mild, moderate, severe
-mild: repetitive communication, delay thought processing, -moderate: sundowning, wandering, -severe: complete loss of communication, memory, physical abilities (loss weight)
37
diagnostic tests
-montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA), amyloid beta protein precursor (sBPP) test
38
meds for alzheimers?
-mild to mod:galantamine, aducanumab -mod to severe: donepezil, rivastigmine -
39
-lack of 02 in brain -___ blood PH -overuse of meds -____ trauma -these can cause what
delirium
40
risk factors of delirium?
- dehydration, hospitalisation, prolonged heat, surgery
41
symtoms of delirium?
-confusion, anger, hallucinations, altered sleep patterns
42
what type of delirium can be reversed?
- the one that happens in the ICU
43
compare types of headaches?
-tension: band like, bilateral pain -cluster: unilateral, comes w/nasal congestion,
44
phases of headache
-prodromal: sensitivity to light, yawning -aura: tunnel vision, heaviness,scotoma -headache: N/V, photophobia,
45
t or f the higher the score, the worse the coma is
FALSE; the lower the score
46
___ causes ischemic stroke
-atherosclerosis
47
-leakage by ___ due to ___ causes hemorrhagic stroke
-artereries, HTN
48
FAST; symptoms
-facial drop, arm weakness, speech difficulty, time to call emergency -unilateral sensory deficits
49
what are some triggers for migraines?
-meds with nitroglycerin, estrogen -foods with tyramine(pickles, caffeine, beer, wine, aged cheese,) -weather change, avoid light glare , intense odors
50
what are the types of cerebral edema?
theres vasogenic, cellular/cytotoxic, interstitial, osmotic
51
vasogenic CE
-most common -disruption of blood brian barrier due to stroke, tumor,
52
this CE is seen in hydrocephalus/meningitis
-interstitial 1
53
-cellular CE due to __,___
this is due to tbi/stroke
54
osmotic CE
-seen in metabolic disorder such as DKA, hyponatremia
55
what are some causes of CE?
-acute HTN, carbon monoxide poisoning, lead poisoning, high altitude
56
clinical symptoms of CE? interventions?
-diplopia, N/V, lethargy, altered consciousness, neck rigidity -decrease external stimuli, avoiding coughing, positioned head to 35
57
treatments for CE?
-hypertonic IV fluids , hyperbaric o2 therapy
58
compare the symptoms of unruptured, ruptured CA
-unruptured: double vision, dilated pupil, numbness on one side -ruptured: N/V, stiff neck, severe headache, seizure
59
what are four findings in Parkinson's?
-tremor, muscle rigidity,bradykinesia, postural instability
60
Risk factors? expected findings?
-RF: over 50, genetic, environmental toxins, use of antipsychotic -EF:tremors, rigidity, stooped posture, ortho hypotension
61
teachings for Parkinson's?
-eat up right, small meals, watch for UTI, depression, increase fiber
62
T or F cholesterol and kidney disease are the most common comorbidities for parkinsons?
-HTN, and diabetes
63
name the mobility based off of injury level? C4 and above C5 and above C6 T1 and below sacral injury
-C4 and above: total loss -C5: use of sip and puff -C6: wrist control, adapted vehicles, T1: paraplegia
64
if injury is from t2-S5 what happens
you loose function of lower body
65
-immediate loss of function after spinal cord injury. results in loss of reflexes, muscle tone and bladder control
spinal shock
66
___ exercise helps with what ?
atelectasis
67
Neurogenic shock:
-due to reduced sympathetic tone in vessels -sumptoms: hypotension, bradycardia, hypothermia
68
multiple sclerosis?
-AI disease that destroys myelin sheath, worsening function of voluntary function
69
symptoms of MS
-ataxia, tremors, impaired judgment, memory loss, vertigo, diplopia, muscle WEAKNESS, difficulty talking, fatigue
70
diagnostic findings of MS
-elevated proteins, increase in WBCs,MRI
71
adverse effects of MS meds?
-interferon beta: manages relapses (flu like findings) -mitoxantrone: risk of leukemia, cardiotoxicity -natalizumab: risk for opportunistic infections
72
MS is temperature sensitive, NO EXTREME TEMPERATURES
73
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)
-infection with John cunningham virus - memory loss, vision difficulty, weakness in arms and legs, loss of coordination, clumsiness
74
what MS med causes PML?
-natalizumab
75
spinal stenosis
-narrowing of space in spine causing difficulty to walk, rise from chair, numbness, weakness,FOOT DROP REMEMBER TO EXERCISE
76
-this is when a spinal disc is compressing on the roots of the nerve
-cauda equina: can lead to permanent -severe pain, affects bladder, bowel,
77
cauda equina teaching?
-rehabilitation: stretching , pelvic tilts, frequent position changes, heat therapy
78
macular degeneration
- loss of central vision due to either retina breaking down, or abnormal growth of vessels in eye -most common: dry -snellen eye chart
79
RF for macular degeneration
-smoking, high cholesterol, HTN, obesity, light eyes -renal disease/cardio disease
80
signs of dry macular degeneration
- gradual vision blurring, impaired night vision, central vision loss, difficulty reading
81
safety consideration for macular degeneration
-same as parkinsons, alzheimer's, dementia, -remove are rugs, climate clutter, handrail, nonskid mats -antioxidant is good
82
cataract
-lens become dense and it becomes cloudy, loss of central vision -RF: older than 65, HTN,
83
treatment for cataract?
-removal of cataract and insertion of fake lens (check if using anticoagulant before surgery) -avoid strenuous activity
84
retinal detachment
-caues floaters, flashes of light, blurry vision
85
post op care for retinal detachment
-lie face down for 3 months, no strenuous activity, driving is limited until 2 weeks after, wear sunglasses
86
teaching for people w/ tinnitus?
-watch blood pressure , reduce sodium, caffeine, -can do CBT, or tinnitus retraining therapy
87
meniere disease?
-buildup of fluid in inner ear -can lead to vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss, vomiting, trembling, headaches, ear congestion, cold sweats
88
teachings for Menderes
-limit sodium , reduce stress, -meds:diuretics, motion sickness meds

Med Surg (6 decks)

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