exam 1 Flashcards
natural passive vs natural active
passive: gets passed down from mother to baby
active: person is exposed nd makes the antibodies for it
artificial passive vs artificial active
passive: person get injected without other antibodies
artificial: vaccines
Preventing
Primordial? Primary? Secondary? Tertiary? Quaternary
Primordial: community
primary: lifestyle
secondary: early detection with exams
tertiary: helping with chronic illness
quartinary: medicine reconciliation
Hyperglycemia
what is it?
-the body either stops making insulin or the receptors become resistant
-this causes the liver to release glucagon which ultimately increases the sugar in the body
-sugar is more than 126 mg/dl or more athn 180 after eating
Hyperglycemia
manifestations?
treatment?
labs?
-polydipsia/phagia,low BP , tachycardia , confusion
-can lead to DKA, fruity breath,N/V,GI issues
-HbA1c:
what happens if it becomes too advanced?
DKA and kussmaul respirations which is deep rapid breathing to expel 02
hypoglycemia
-failure of glucose homeostasis which will be less than 70mg/dl
-CAN HAPPEN IF HAVE EXCESS INSULIN
-if low enough, nor/epinephrine will be released to increased sugar
hypoglycemia
RF? Manifestations?
labs?
RF: insulin dependent, DMT1, time change, abx, beta blockers
-symptoms: tachycardia, hunger, anxiety, blurry vision, chills/sweating
15-15-30 rule: eat 15 grams of complex carbs
what is neuroglycopenia?
this is when the sugar is too low and the neurons start to malfunction which causes the dizziness and confusion
what are the three levels of hypoglycemia?
level 1: 54-70; tremors, diaphoresis,confusion
level 2: less than 54 mg/dl; erratic behavior, can’t move
level 3: doesnt have level but causes seizures, coma, agitioan or DEATH
Type 1 DM
RF? labs?
-body destroys the insulin making cells
-HbA1c: more than 7%
-RF:genetics, age
-more prone to heart attacks and strokes
-non fasting: 200 or more
fasting: 126 or more
-labs: urinalysis (ketones/proteins), low peptide
-can lead to dka
-THE THREE Ps
what is the normal level of HbA1c?
its 6.5-7
is type 1 DM associated with hypoglycemia?
its associated with both
type 2 DM
RF? clinical presentation? labs?
-insulin is produced but not enough , resistance
-RF: older than 45, sedentary lifestyle, bad diet, poor sleep
-fasting higher than 126 or non fasting two hours post prandial 200 or more
HbA1c: more than 6.5
- can be treated with metformin or canaglifozin
metformin:
-its oral hypoglycemic which lowers liver production of glucose
-can cause indigestion, bloating, metallic taste
canagliofozin
-oral hypoglycemic: helps kidneys remove more glucose
-can cause fungal infections, increased urin output
-MONITOR RENAL FUNCTION
metabolic syndrome
-INSULIN RESISTANT, high bp, glucose and cholesterol, central obesity
-can be reversed by eating healthy
-can lead to DMT2, cardiac, and neurological problems
-treatment: metformin, or weight loss drug
To recognize, metabolic syndrome look out for?
- high cholesterol, hyperglycemia, central obesity and HTN
Hypothyroidism
-high TSH, low T3/4
-common cause: iodine deficiency , hashimotos, thyroid surgery
-can cause memory impairment, fatigue, aches, stiff muscles, weight gain, thinning hair , feel colder cold intolerance
-meds: levothyroxine
What could happen if left untreated for too long?
it will lead to myxedema coma which is when the body starts to show down, low temp, extreme fatigue, lethargy
If hypothyroidism is overtreated, it will cause?
-tachycardia, fever, weight loss, sweating
hyperthyroidism
-excessive hormone production
-can be caused by graves disease
-RF: DMT1, pernicious anemia,
-symp: swelling of eye tissues, tachycardia, fever, weight loss, heat intolerance, a fib, insomnia, tremors, loose bowel movement, BULGING EYES
-LOW TSH, HIGH T3/4
-treatment: beta blockers, anti thyroid meds PTU, eye drops (methylcellulose)
If it gets severe enough, it will lead to thyroid storm which is?
- high temp (104-106), tachycardia, hypotension, systolic HTN, N/V
methimazole
-prevents thyroid from producing T3/T4
- adverse effects: liver toxicity
-contraindications: warfarin, beta blockers
