Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pharmacology > Exam #4 > Flashcards

Exam #4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Function of the GI system?

A

responsible for digestion, absorption, and waste elimination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What organs make up the GI system?

A
  • mouth: chews food
  • esophagus: peristalsis moves food down
  • stomach: secretes acid and enzymes to break down food
  • small intestine: primary site of absorption
  • Large intestine: absorbs water and forms stools
  • pancreas: secretes digestive enzymes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the steps of the Digestive process?

A
  1. ingestion: food enters mouth and is chewed
  2. propulsion: peristalsis pushes food through GI tract
  3. digestion:
    • mechanical: chewing and churning in the stomach
    • chemical: enzymes break down macromolecules
  4. absorption: primarily in small intestine
  5. elimination: excreted though large intestine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Common Stomach and Intestinal Disorders?

A

Peristalsis abnormalities: lead to cramping, bloating, indigestion
Cholecystitis: inflammation of gallbladder
Gastritis: inflammation of stomach
Pancreatitis: inflammation of pancreas; can be triggered by bladder irritation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the GI reflex response?

A

Nausea and Vomiting
- triggered by stimulation of the Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone (CTZ)

common causes:
- pain
- Toxins (chemotherapy drugs)
- GI infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does Chemotherapy do to the GI System?

A

Affects the CTZ in the brain, causing nausea and vomiting

Management strategies:
- Antiemetics (ondansetron) block nausea signals
- Prevent dehydration with IV fluids
- Monitor electrolyte levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does the Vomiting Reflex do?

A

protects the system from unwanted irritants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What reflex causes an increase in small intestine activity when the stomach is stimulated by stretching, the presence of food, or cephalic stimulation?

A

Gastroenteric Reflex
stimulation of the stomach, which causes an increase in activity in the small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

GI secretion
Histamine-2 Agonist

A

reduce gastric acid secretion by blocking histamine receptors in the stomach

cimetidine, ranitidine
Treatment:
- Gerd
- Ulcers

**do not use with warfarin and phenytoin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

GI secretion
Antacids

A

neutralizes stomach acid to relieve heartburn and indigestion

calcium carbonate, magnesium salts
Treatment:
- provides immediate relief but not long term

Cause:
- constipation (calcium)
- Diarrhea (magnesium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

GI secretion
Proton Pump Inhibitors
(PPIs)

A

Block proton pumps in stomach lining to reduce acid production

omeprazole, pantoprazole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Digestive Enzymes

A

saliva Substitutes: mimic natural saliva for pt. with dry mouth

pancrelipase: replaces pancreatic enzymes in pt. with pancreatic insufficiency

*Take with meals**

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Laxative
Stimulant

A

bisacodyl, senna
chemically irritate intestinal lining to induce bowel movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Laxative
Bulk-Forming Agents

A

Psyllium
Absorb water and increase stool bulk for easier passage
safest for long term use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Laxative
Osmotic

A

magnesium hydroxide (milk of mag), polyethylene glycol (Mirlax)

draw water into the intestines to soften stool
caution with renal pt.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Laxative
Lubricants

A

Docusate

Helps stool pass more easily by keeping it soft and slippery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Nausea & Vomiting
Phenothiazines

A

Promethazine
blocks dopamine receptors in the brain to reduce nausea

caution w elderly, can cause sedation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Nausea & Vomiting
Nonphenothiazines

A

Metoclopramide
reduces GI mobility to prevent nausea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Nausea & Vomiting
Serotonin Receptor Blockers

A

Ondansetron
block serotonin to prevent chemotherapy-induced nausea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Nausea & Vomiting
Substance P/Neurokinin 1 receptor blockers

A

Aprepitant
block neurokinin receptors involved in vomiting

  • prevents delayed nausea in chemotherapy pt.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The nurse expects to find that the major activities of the of the gastrointestinal tract decrease in a client experiencing what?

A

a stress reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what does the nurse anticipate will happen first when the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) of a client is stimulated

A

salivation increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The nurse is caring for a client who is about to undergo gastric bypass surgery. The nurse will explain the majority of nutrients are absorbed where?

A

small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The chemoreceptor trigger zone in a clients medulla has been stimulated. the nurse explains to the client that what will most likely occur following repeated stimulation?

A

vomiting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
the client who experiences nausea produces less stomach acid. the nurse recognizes this as having what effect?
protects the lining of the upper gastrointestinal tract
26
Adrenal Cortex
- produces cortisol and aldosterone - increases glucose levels - suppresses inflammatory and immune responses
27
Pancreas
- produces insulin, glucagon and somatostatin - regulates glucose and fat metabolism
28
Ovaries
- produce estrogen and progesterone - promote female secondary sex characteristics - prepare body for pregnancy
29
Testes
- Produces testosterone - stimulate male secondary sex characteristics
30
Thyroid
- produces thyroid hormone and calcitonin - stimulates BMR - decreases serum calcium levels
31
Intestine
- produces secretin and cholecystokinin - decreases gastric movement, stimulates pancreatic juice secretion
32
Kidney
- produces erythropoietin and renin - increase RBC production - stimulates increase in blood pressure and vascular tone
33
Parathyroid
- produces parathyroid hormone - increases all serum calcium levels *osteoporosis is seen in people with low parathyroid*
34
Pineal
- produces melatonin - affects secretions of hypothalamic hormones
35
Placenta
- produces estrogens and progesterones - maintains fetal growth
36
Stomach
- produces gastrin - stimulates stomach acid production
37
Hormones
- produced in small amounts - secreted directly in the bloodstream
38
Steps of the Negative Feedback system
1. hypothalamus senses a need for a hormone 2. hormone gets secreted into anterior pituitary 3. anterior pituitary secrets the hormone 4. stimulates the gland to make hormone 5. hypothalamus senses rising levels and stops secreting releasing hormone
39
Hypothyroidism symptoms **F**at **W**omen **D**ont **C**ook **P**otatoes
- fatigue - weight gain - dry skin and hair - cold sensitivity - puffy face, hands, feet **Treatment**: daily thyroid hormone replacement - medication will be used for life
40
Hyperthyroidism symptoms SWEATV
- sweating - weight loss - emotional (anxiety) - appetite increase - tremors/tachycardia - vision changes
41
Thyroid medications and hormones they replace
1. Levothyroxine: synthetic salt T4 2. Desiccated Thyroid: dried animal thyroid gland T3 and T4 3. Liothyronine: synthetic salt T3
42
Insulin
- released when blood glucose levels are high - promotes glucose transport into cells - lowers glucose
43
Glucagon
- released during low blood glucose - stimulates glycogen breakdown
44
Steroids
will cause a persons glucose to rise and will lower immunity
45
Loss of blood glucose control
- **Glycosuria**: sugar spilled into urine - can cause UTI **3 P's**: - polyuria: increased urination - polyphagia: increased hunger - polydipsia: increased thirst
46
Type 1 vs. Type 2 diabetes
**Type 1**: - autoimmune destruction of beta cells of pancreas - have a pancreas but it doesn't work (born w diabetes) **Type 2**: - progressive loss of beta cell release of insulin - broken pancreas due to diet (can be reversed with healthy diet)
47
Other types of diabetes
**Medication induced** **Gestational diabetes**: - diagnosed in second or third trimester - only use subcu insulin
48
Signs of Hyperglycemia
**WATER** - weakness - abdominal pain - tired - extra thirsty - really hot
49
Signs of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (hyperglycemia)
- Fruity breath - Dehydration - Kussmal breathing - loss of orientation and coma
50
What happens with too high or too low Adrenal hormone?
Adrenal excess - Cushings syndrome Adrenal Insufficiency - Addisons disease
51
What is pain?
triggered by the activation of specialized nerve fibers called nociceptors
52
What is the Gate Control Theory?
gates can be closed by stimulation of A fibers and by descending impulses coming down the spinal cord from higher levels
53
Opioid Agonists
**Morphine, Fentanyl, Hydrocodone, Oxycodone** - binds to receptors in CNS to inhibit pain signals Side effects: - respiratory depression - constipation - sedation
54
Opioid Antagonists
**Buprenorphine, Naloxone** - block opioid receptors and reverse effects of opioids
55
Ergot Derivatives
**Ergotamine** - migraines
56
Triptans
**Sumatriptan** - *Abortive medication not a preventative agent
57
Anti-Infective Activity
*do not give antibiotic for virus - **Narrow Spectrum**: effective only for few microorganisms - **Broad spectrum**: interfere with many kinds of microorganisms - **Bactericidal or fungicidal**: causes cell death - **Bacteriostatic or fungistatic**: prevents or slow cell replication
58
Drug Resistance
ability overtime to adapt to an anti-infective drug and produce cells that are no longer affected by a particular drug **Natural**: body makes its own antibodies **Acquired**: baby gets antibodies from moms milk
59
How long should a pt. take an antibiotic?
Pt. should finish the WHOLE course until its gone
60
How do you identify an infecting pathogen?
- Culture: identification of the causative organism - Sensitivity testing: determination of which antibiotic will best kill or control the organism
61
What is prophylaxis?
preventative medication measures - people who are traveling where malaria is endemic
62
What are the 3 ways antibiotics are made?
- living microorganisms - synthetic manufacture - through genetic engineering
63
What are the signs of infection?
- Fever - Lethargy - Elevated WBC - inflammation signs (redness, swelling, heat, pain)
64
How do bacteria become resistant?
- Adapt to their environment - long times of antibiotic use - using antibiotics can result it development of superinfections
65
Antibiotics **Aminoglycosides**
**Gentamycin, Tobramycin** - leads to cell death - *risk for ototoxicity*
66
Antibiotics **Cephalosporins**
**Cephalexin** - Interfere with the cell wall building of bacteria when they divide - do not take if you have allergy to cephalosporins or penicillins
67
Antibiotics **Fluoroquinolones**
**Ciprofloxacin** - Should NOT be given lightly. LAST resort - used for "below the belt" infections
68
Antibiotic **Penicillins**
**Amoxicillin, Penicillin G** - inhibits bacteria from building cell walls
69
Antibiotic **Tetracyclines**
**Doxycycline, Minocycline** - turns children <8 teeth grey - Sensitivity to sunlight

Pharmacology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions