Exam 1 Flashcards by Alex Sparks

Pharmacodynamics
vs.
Pharmacokinetics

Pharmacodynamics: what the drug does to the body
Pharmacokinetics: what the body does to the drug

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What is half life?

the time it takes for the amount of drug in the body to decrease to one-half the peak level
medication is continuously cut in half
ex. 25mg half life=12hr = 125mg

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What is Critical Concentration?

the amount of a drug that is needed to cause a therapeutic effect

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What is a Loading Dose?

A higher does than that usually used for treatment

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What is Dynamic Equilibrium?

The actual concentration that a drug reaches in the body

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What is First Pass Effect?

medications are extensively metabolized by the liver only with medication given orally

medications are metabolized by the liver and filtered in the kidneys

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Who process IM medications faster and why?

Males
due to men having more vascular muscles that women

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What is a Primary Drug Reaction?

overdose
extension of the desired effect

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What is a Secondary Drug Reaction?

undesired effects produced in addition to the pharmacological effect

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What is Hypersensitivity Reactions?

excessive response to primary or secondary effect of drug
allergic reaction

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What are the types of drug allergies?

Anaphylactic Reaction: leads to respiratory distress
Cytotoxic Reaction: causes death of cells (seen on lab work)
Serum Sickness Reaction: antibody circulation causes damage to tissue
Delayed Allergic Reaction: occurs several hours after administration of drug

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What is Steven-Johnsons Syndrome?

red man syndrome, can be fatal

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What are Superinfections?

Destruction of the body’s normal flora drugs can cause this by affecting your gut

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What is Blood Dyscrasia?

something is wrong with your blood

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What are the symptoms of Liver and Kidney Toxicity?

Liver: jaundice, change in color of urine or stool, elevated enzymes
Kidney: change in urinary pattern, elevated BUN and creatinine

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What is Hyper and Hypoglycemia?

hyperglycemia: high blood sugar *kussmaul breathing, fruit smelling breath
hypoglycemia: low blood sugar
dizzy, nausea

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What is Hyper and Hypokalemia?

Hyperkalemia: high potassium
Hypokalemia: low potassium

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What is the nemonic for Atropine-like (Anticholinergic) Effects

Dry as a bone: dry mouth constipation
Blind as a bat: blurred vision
Mad as a hatter: delirium/confusion
Red as a beet: flushing/hyperthermia
Hot as a hare: fever, tachycardia
Full as a flask: urinary retention

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What is Teratogenicity?

any drug that can causes harm to the developing fetus
weigh the actual benefits against the potential risks

What are some problems associated with over the counter drugs?

drugs that were “grandfathered” in

can mask signs and symptoms of disease
interact with prescription drugs
taken in greater than recommended dose

What are some problems associated with alternative therapies?

active ingredient not tested by FDA
ingredients unknown
patients do not always mention
drug interactions may occur

What is an Off-Label Medication?

the use of a drug for an indication not approved by the FDA
common with pediatric and geriatric groups

What is Etiology?

the process of a disease
including the identification of factors that provoke the disease

What is Pathogenesis?

the development or evolution of a disease

What is the Broca's Area?

in charge of your ability to use language

What are the different systems of the Nervous system?

- CNS: brain and spinal cord - PNS: bring info to the CNS - ANS: regulates automates unconscious response to stimuli (sympathetic, parasympathetic)

What is an Axon and a Dendrite

- Axon: long projections that carry information between neurons Dendrites: short projections that receive information from other neurons

Types of Neuron Axons

- Afferent fibers: bring info - Efferent fibers: sends info

When a neuron is stimulated and causes depolarization of the nerve, what occurs?

sodium rushes in to cell

What is the Myelin Sheath

protective layer outside of SOME nerves

What is the Synaptic Cleft?

the space between

What are the Neurotransmitters and their function?

- Serotonin: affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal - Dopamine: influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion - Acetylcholine: enables muscle action - Norepinephrine/ epinephrine: helps control alertness and arousal - GABA: major inhibitory neurotransmitter (linked to seizures) - Glutamate: excitatory neurotransmitter involved in memory

What is the Blood Brain Barrier?

protects from pathogens

What is the Hindbrain, Midbrain, and Forebrain

- Hindbrain: controls breathing, blood pressure, swallowing - Midbrain: contains the hypothalamus; temp regulation, water balance, appetite - Forebrain: coordinates speech and communication and facilitates learning

What are the left and right brain in charge of?

- Right: artistic - Left: analytical

How does Baclofen work?

**inhibits** transmission of **nerve impulses** to reduce **muscle contractions and pain**

How does Dantrolene work?

**directly** on skeletal muscle tissue. **inhibits release** of **calcium**

How does phenytoin work?

*associate sodium w seizures* **slows** synaptic transmission by **blocking sodium channels** from recovering

How does Carbamazepine work?

**modulates** voltagegated sodium channels

How does Valproic Acid work?

**multiple** mechanisms **inhibits** voltage-gated sodium channels

How does lidocaine work?

acts at **sodium ion channels** on the **internal surface** of nerve cell membranes

How does midazolam

**two** separate **receptors** for **GABA** and **bezodiazepine** couple to a common chloride channel

How does fentanyl work?

**opioids** act both **presynaptically** and **pastsynaptically** to produce an **analgesic** effect

How does amphetamine and dextroamphetamine sulfate work

**increases dopamine** in the **brain**. people with ADHD have lower than normal dopamine levels

How does donepezil work?

**Slows** the breakdown of **acetylcholoine** in the brain (higher levels of acetylchloline improves communicaiton of muscles in the brain)

How does memantine works?

**blocks** the activity of **glutamate** in the brain (too much glutamate causes Alzhimers)

How does medication for headaches work?

**mimics** the action of **serotonin** in the brain by **activation serotonin receptors** leading to **narrowing** of the blood vessels in the head reducing inflammation and pain