Exam #2 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the Barrier defenses?
A
- Skin: protects the internal tissues and organs of the body
- Mucous Membranes: line areas of the body that are exposed to external influences (do not have skin protection)
- Gastric Acid: secreted by the stomach in response to many stimuli
- Major Histocompatibility Complex: distinguishes between self-cells + foreign cells
2
Q
What is the Mononuclear Phagocyte System (MPS) composed of?
A
- Thymus gland
- Lymphatic tissue
- Leukocytes
- Numerous chemical mediators
3
Q
Types of white blood cells or Leukocytes?
A
- Neutrophils: engulf and digest foreign material; rapidly produce and move to site of invasion (phagocytes)
- Eosinophils: exact function is not understood; often found at the site of an allergic reaction
- Basophils: contain chemical important for initiating + maintaining an immune response
- Monocytes/ Macrophages: help remove foreign materials from the body
- Natural Killer cells
4
Q
What are the Natural killer cells?
A
- B cells: produce antibodies to fight infection; remenbers past exposure
- T cells: provide cells mediated immunity
- Cytotoxic: aggressive against non-self cells and marks for destruction
- Helper: respond to chemical indicators of immune activity + stimulate a more aggressive response
- Suppressor: slows or suppresses an immune reaction as protective feature
5
Q
What are the Lymphoid Tissues?
A
- Lymph Nodes
- Spleen
- Thymus gland
- Bone Marrow
- Lymphpoid tissue throughout the respiratory and GI tract
6
Q
What happens during Vascular Response phase 1
A
acute response
- Vasoconstriction of arterioles
- Begins almost immediately following injury
- Stops bleeding, reduces exposure to bacteria
- Lasts seconds to minutes
7
Q
What happens during phase 2 Vasodialation of arterioles
A
- Vasodialation of arterioles
- increases blood flow to site
- redness + warmth
- injured tissues and leukocytes secrete chemical substances such as histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, leukotrines
- histamine stimulates vasodialation, bringing more blood and blood components to the area
8
Q
What are other things that can happen during Vasodilation?
A
- fluid moves into tissue = swelling
- increased viscosity of blood
- clotting of blood in small capillaries at the site causes localizing the spread of microoranisms
- chemical medicators like prostaglandin and bradykinin stimulate local sensory nerve ending pain
9
Q
What are the types of Leukocytes?
A
- Neutrophils: 1st to appear
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes: phagocytes
- Eosinophils: allergic reaction/parasite infection
- Basophils: contain histamine
10
Q
What do Natural Killer cells and Lymphokine activated killer cells do?
A
aggressive against neoplastic or cancer cells and promote cell death
11
Q
What are Effector or Cytotoxic T cells?
A
- found throughout the body
- aggressive against non-self cells
- can directly destory foreign cells or mark for destruction
12
Q
What are Helper T cells?
A
stimulate the activity of B cells and effector T cells
13
Q
What do Suppressor T cells do?
A
- monitor the chemical activity in the body
- act to suppress B cell and T cell actvity when the foreign antigen is under control
14
Q
What are other Mediators in the Immune Response?
A
- Interferons: prevent viral replicant + suppress maliganant cell replicaiton + tumor growth
- Interlukins: chemicals secreted by active leukocytes to influance other leukocytes
- Tumor Necrosis Factor: chemical released by macrophages inhibits tumor growth and can cause tumor regression
15
Q
What are the different Anttibody funcitons?
(immunoglobulins)
A
- IgG: contains antibodies made by the momory cells
- IgE: is present in small amounts and seems to be related to allergic reponses
- IgD: signals the B cells to be activated
- IgM: contains the antibodies produced at the first exposure to the antigen
- IgA: found in tears, saliva, sweat, mucus, and bile
16
Q
What are considered Acute inflammation?
A
- Allergic reaction
- Frostbite
- Chemical irritants
- Infection
- Burns
- Trauma
- Cuts, lacerations, stabs
17
Q
What are considered Chronic Inflammation?
A
- Cardiovascular disease
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Autoimmune disease
- Neurologic disease
- Cancer
18
Q
What can you do to assess if a patient has Chronic Inflammation?
A
Draw blood to see if there are components in the blood
19
Q
What is Rheumatoid Arthritis
A
Autoimmune Disease
- inflammatory arthiritis
- caused by genes + enviromental factors
- primarily involves synovial joints
Inflammation leads to deconstruciton of the joint w loss of cartilage +
20
Q
How does methotrexate work?
A
- represses T-cell and down- regulates B-cells
T cells attack abnormal cells and B cells increase inflammation. but we want to decrease the inflammation. this is why we use methotrexate
21
Q
How does etanercept work?
A
- binds to and neutrilizes Tumor Necrosis Factor (protien that is over produced in RA)
ensure to rotate adm site to avoid tissue damage
22
Q
How does tofacitinib work?
A
- blocks the action of Janus Kinase (which are involved in inflammation)
23
Q
What is Osteoporosis?
A
- low bone mineral density caused by altered bone microstructure
related to the aging process in congunction with low sex hormones. caused by imbalance of bone resorption and remodeling
24
Q
What are medications that can lead to secondary Osteoporosis?
A
- glucocorticoids
- anti-epileptics
25
How does raloxifene work?
- mimics estrogen slowing bone break down to increase bone density
- inhibits bone reaborption
26
How does calcitonin-salmon work?
*works on osteoclasts and in kidneys*
- Bones: decrease the ability of osteoclasts to reabsorb bone
- Kidneys: causes diuresis and decreases reabsorption of serum calcium
## Footnote
calcitonin-salmon originated from glands in the salmon fish. given to minic the calcitonin our bodies make
27
How does calcium citrate and calcium carbonate work?
**3 different mechanisms of actions**
- acts as antacid= neutrilizes gastric acid by acting as a buffer in stomach
- inhibits pepsin and bile acid to help heal ingury caused by GERD
- used in blood to treat low calcium
- small intestine w the help of VD
| Tums
28
Calcium carbonate is best absorbed...?
with food
29
What is the function of the Respiratory system?
1. brings oxygen into the body
2. allows for the exchange of gases
3. expels carbon dioxide + waste
30
What are the cilia
little hairs of the cell membrance which are constantly moving and directing the mucus and trapped stubstances down the thraot
31
What is the Sneeze Reflex
- Initiated by receptors in the nasal cavity
- forces foreign materials directly out of the system
32
Cough Reflex is stimulated where?
the bronchi
33
What is the common cold?
viral infection of UR tract (nose + throat)
34
What is Seasonal Rhinitis?
inflammaotory conditon of upper airways
35
What is Sinusitis?
inflammation of nasal sinuses
36
What is Pharyngitis?
inflammation of pharynx + back of throat
37
What is the Lower Respirtory Tract compsed of?
- Smallest bronchioles + the alveoli
- Big player functional unit of lungs
- Occurs in the alveoli = ventilation
38
What is the exchange of gases at the alveolar level?
Respiration
39
What controls the Respirtory Rate?
Medulla
40
What are the controls over the Respirtory System?
- Parasympahthetic nerves: stimulates diaphragm
- Vagal stimulation: bronchoconstriction
- Sympathetic dtimulation: high rate and depth of respiration
41
What is Atelectasis?
**The collapse of lung tissue**
caused by blockage of airway
42
What is Pneumonia?
**Inflammation of the lungs**
- bacterial or viral invasion of the tissue
- Aspiration of foreign substances into lower respirtory tract
43
What is Bronchitis?
**Narrowed airway during the inflammation**
occurs when bacteria, virus, or foreign material infect the inner lining of the bronchi
44
What is Asthma?
**Reversible bronchospasm, inflammation, and hyperactive airways**
**Causes**: triggered by allergens or non-allergic irritants, exercise/emotions
- triggers cause a release of histamine resulting in bronchospasms
**Manifestations**: coughing, wheezing, chest tightness, SOB
45
What is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?
**Permanent, chronic obstruction of airways**
**Causes**: often related to cigarette smoking
**Manifestations**: Airflow obstruction on expiration
overinflated lungs + poor gas exchange
46
What are Antitussives?
**Drugs that suppress the cough reflex**
47
What are Decongestants?
**Decrease the overproducion of secretions by causing local vasoconstriction to URT**
- can cause rebound congestion with prolonged use
48
What are Antihistamines?
**Block the release or aciton of histamine**
49
What are first generation drugs?
- diphenhydramine
- hydroxyzine
- meclazine
- promethazine
**Will make you more drosy than 2nd**
50
What are second generation drugs?
- cetirizine
- fexofenadine
- levocetrizine
- loratidine
**often misused because are avaiable OTC, less drowsy**
51
What are Expectorants?
**increase productive cough to clear airway**
- liquify lower RT secretions reducing viscosity
guaifenesin
52
What are Mucolytics?
**Increase or liquify respirtory secretions to clear airways in high risk patients**
acetylcysteine
53
What is included in the Lower Respirtory Tract?
- Bronchial tree
- Alveoli
**disorders in the lower respirtory tract have a direct impact on gas exchange + oxygenation**
54
What are Bronchodilators?
**facilitate respiration by dilating the airways**
55
What are Xanthines?
**have effect on the smooth muscles of the respirtory tract**
- causes smooth muscle relaxation
Thophylline
56
What are Sympathomimetics?
**used for actue bronchospasms including anaphylaxis**
- Rescue med not used for maintenance
Albuterol, Salmeterol, phenylephrine
57
What is Ipratropium?
**used as a bronchodilator because of their effect on the vagus nerve to block acetylcholine**
58
What are Inhaled Steroids?
**Decreases the inflammatory response in the airway**
fluticasone
59
What is Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists?
**Block or antagonize receptors for the production of leukotrines**
- do not use for emergencies
montelukast
60
Lung Surfactants
**Used to replace lung surfactant missing in the lungs of neonates with respiratory distress syndrome**
- used in emergencies
