Exam 4

Question 1

What are some established reservoirs for influenza?

Answer 1

Domesticated and wild turkeys, pigs

Question 2

Vaccines are available for all sexually transmitted diseases.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

If not treated completely with antibiotics, group A streptococci can cause severe post infection diseases.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Vaccination is a type of artificial passive immunization.

Answer 4

False

Question 5

Covid 19 has become an endemic disease worldwide. What is the best evidence for this fact?

Answer 5

Large waves of new infections are absent

Question 6

Upper respiratory tract pathogens are generally more deadly than lower respiratory pathogens.

Answer 6

False

Question 7

People living with HIV are at greater risk for … than the average population.

Answer 7

Opportunistic infections

Question 8

In the US around 15000 liver cancer deaths caused by chronic hep virus C occur each year
HepC treatment can cost 25000-95000 USD without insurance.

Answer 8

True, true

Question 9

The a in DTaP vaccine refers to?

Answer 9

The retype of vaccine

Question 10

What do treatment for covid with paxlovid and certain types of HIV ART have in common?

Answer 10

Both inhibit viral protease

Question 11

Why are most domesticated turkeys recently being raised indoors?

Answer 11

To prevent viral infection

Question 12

During the phase III trials for the covid mRNA vaccine, the majority of side effects were reported in the vaccine arm of the trial.

Answer 12

False

Question 13

AIDS patients world wide ultimately die from?

Answer 13

Secondary infections

Question 14

The flu vaccine is not always effective in preventing severe disease. This can be due to?

Answer 14

Variants that arise after production starts

Question 15

Whooping cough outbreaks across the country have been associated with non medical exemptions. Another factor that has been associated with increased whopping cough incidence is?

Answer 15

Acellular vaccines

Question 16

A certain bacterium has as its reservoirs a rodent only found in the southwest United States. Each year a few human cases of the disease caused by this bacterium are reported in Arizona and New Mexico. This disease can be categorized as?

Answer 16

Endemic

Question 17

Some tick bites have been shown to cause delayed allergic reaction to a mammalian carbohydrate.

Answer 17

True

Question 18

Which of the following can be used as a diagnostic test for a suspected infection?

Answer 18

Florescent antibody staining, selective culture media, agglutination

Question 19

What is the viral infection that is transmitted by aerosol droplets.

Answer 19

Influenza

Question 20

Heart disease and cancer are the leading cause of death worldwide in the 21st century. Up until the mid twentieth century the top three cases of death were all due to?

Answer 20

Infectious diseases

Question 21

Typhus and Rocky Mountain spotted fever are both caused by?

Answer 21

Bacterial parasites

Question 22

The original whooping cough vaccine used in the US was more effective than the one currently being used. Why is this?

Answer 22

Original vaccine induced more memory cells

Question 23

Over 300000 people die every year worldwide due to un-treated strep throat.

Answer 23

True

Question 24

One reason there are far fewer antiviral drugs is?

Answer 24

Viruses use host processes to multiply

Question 25

PreP is a form of antiviral treatment for HIV infection that when taken daily reduces viral load to the point where the person cannot transmit the virus.

Answer 25

True

Question 26

Novel chicken virus 7 has a high mortality rate. What kind of evidence would be the most concerning in terms of pandemic risk?

Answer 26

Poultry worker family deaths

Question 27

HPV vaccination can still be effective after having sex. Cancer progression requires prophage integration into a stem cell.

Answer 27

True, true

Question 28

A test for anti-covid 19 antibodies on the day of infection would be negative.

Answer 28

True

Question 29

When herd immunity against a particular pathogen has been reached in a population … people are protected.

Answer 29

Only vaccinated, unvaccinated, only infected

Question 30

Infectious diseases are the cause of about 15% of all deaths worldwide.

Answer 30

Trye

Question 31

Small mutations in the genes for the H and N proteins lead to changes int he infectivity of the influenza virus. This is also known as?

Answer 31

Genetic drift

Question 32

Smallpox is an endemic disease in parts of Africa.

Answer 32

False

Question 33

What is a type of acute infection.

Answer 33

Norovirus

Question 34

For any disease, prevalence will be less than incidence.

Answer 34

False

Question 35

The onset of an epidemic began with a sharp rise in the number of cases reported over a few days. This indicates that the mode of transmission is?

Answer 35

A common source

Question 36

The two leading covid vaccines both contain … packaged in …

Answer 36

MRNA, lipid

Question 37

A disease that is present in unusually high numbers throughout the world is called.

Answer 37

Pandemic

Question 38

What is an emerging disease in New England?

Answer 38

West Nile virus

Question 39

HIV is a … with a … genome. An enzyme called … copies its genome into … which is then integrated into the infected cells DNA.

Answer 39

Retrovirus, RNA, reverse transcriptase, DNA

Question 40

The majority of sexually active people will be exposed to HPV. HPV infections led to cancer when the virus integrates into superficial epithelial cells.

Answer 40

True, false

Question 41

Paxlovid is a protease inhibitor, its mechanism of action is similar to certain HIV treatments. The effect of these drugs is?

Answer 41

Prevent viruses fusion to host cell

Question 42

Man has created synthetic DNA. Synthetic DNA molecules have escaped into the environment.

Answer 42

True, false

Question 43

What was a breakthrough advancement that led to the success of mRNA vaccines?

Answer 43

Advances in backbone stability

Question 44

What accounts for the chance of genetic shift leading to the next flu pandemic?

Answer 44

It has a segmented genome