Exam 4 Flashcards
What are some established reservoirs for influenza?
Domesticated and wild turkeys, pigs
Vaccines are available for all sexually transmitted diseases.
False
If not treated completely with antibiotics, group A streptococci can cause severe post infection diseases.
True
Vaccination is a type of artificial passive immunization.
False
Covid 19 has become an endemic disease worldwide. What is the best evidence for this fact?
Large waves of new infections are absent
Upper respiratory tract pathogens are generally more deadly than lower respiratory pathogens.
False
People living with HIV are at greater risk for … than the average population.
Opportunistic infections
In the US around 15000 liver cancer deaths caused by chronic hep virus C occur each year
HepC treatment can cost 25000-95000 USD without insurance.
True, true
The a in DTaP vaccine refers to?
The retype of vaccine
What do treatment for covid with paxlovid and certain types of HIV ART have in common?
Both inhibit viral protease
Why are most domesticated turkeys recently being raised indoors?
To prevent viral infection
During the phase III trials for the covid mRNA vaccine, the majority of side effects were reported in the vaccine arm of the trial.
False
AIDS patients world wide ultimately die from?
Secondary infections
The flu vaccine is not always effective in preventing severe disease. This can be due to?
Variants that arise after production starts
Whooping cough outbreaks across the country have been associated with non medical exemptions. Another factor that has been associated with increased whopping cough incidence is?
Acellular vaccines
A certain bacterium has as its reservoirs a rodent only found in the southwest United States. Each year a few human cases of the disease caused by this bacterium are reported in Arizona and New Mexico. This disease can be categorized as?
Endemic
Some tick bites have been shown to cause delayed allergic reaction to a mammalian carbohydrate.
True
Which of the following can be used as a diagnostic test for a suspected infection?
Florescent antibody staining, selective culture media, agglutination
What is the viral infection that is transmitted by aerosol droplets.
Influenza
Heart disease and cancer are the leading cause of death worldwide in the 21st century. Up until the mid twentieth century the top three cases of death were all due to?
Infectious diseases
Typhus and Rocky Mountain spotted fever are both caused by?
Bacterial parasites
The original whooping cough vaccine used in the US was more effective than the one currently being used. Why is this?
Original vaccine induced more memory cells
Over 300000 people die every year worldwide due to un-treated strep throat.
True
One reason there are far fewer antiviral drugs is?
Viruses use host processes to multiply
PreP is a form of antiviral treatment for HIV infection that when taken daily reduces viral load to the point where the person cannot transmit the virus.
True
Novel chicken virus 7 has a high mortality rate. What kind of evidence would be the most concerning in terms of pandemic risk?
Poultry worker family deaths
HPV vaccination can still be effective after having sex.
Cancer progression requires prophage integration into a stem cell.
True, true
A test for anti-covid 19 antibodies on the day of infection would be negative.
True
When herd immunity against a particular pathogen has been reached in a population … people are protected.
Only vaccinated, unvaccinated, only infected
Infectious diseases are the cause of about 15% of all deaths worldwide.
Trye
Small mutations in the genes for the H and N proteins lead to changes int he infectivity of the influenza virus. This is also known as?
Genetic drift
Smallpox is an endemic disease in parts of Africa.
False
What is a type of acute infection.
Norovirus
For any disease, prevalence will be less than incidence.
False
The onset of an epidemic began with a sharp rise in the number of cases reported over a few days. This indicates that the mode of transmission is?
A common source
The two leading covid vaccines both contain … packaged in …
MRNA, lipid
A disease that is present in unusually high numbers throughout the world is called.
Pandemic
What is an emerging disease in New England?
West Nile virus
HIV is a … with a … genome. An enzyme called … copies its genome into … which is then integrated into the infected cells DNA.
Retrovirus, RNA, reverse transcriptase, DNA
The majority of sexually active people will be exposed to HPV.
HPV infections led to cancer when the virus integrates into superficial epithelial cells.
True, false
Paxlovid is a protease inhibitor, its mechanism of action is similar to certain HIV treatments. The effect of these drugs is?
Prevent viruses fusion to host cell
Man has created synthetic DNA.
Synthetic DNA molecules have escaped into the environment.
True, false
What was a breakthrough advancement that led to the success of mRNA vaccines?
Advances in backbone stability
What accounts for the chance of genetic shift leading to the next flu pandemic?
It has a segmented genome
