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Microbiology Final > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Horizontal/lateral gene transfer is largely responsible for human genetic diversity.

A

False

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2
Q

Some bacteria owe their virulence to a viral prophage integration

A

True

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3
Q

sRNAs, viroids, and CRISPR all work by a similar mechanism. They all rely on … to destroy or change a target sequence.

A

Base pairing

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4
Q

The same total of an organism or cells protein content is termed its genome.
The sum total of information stored in a cell or organisms DNA is called its proteome.

A

False, false

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5
Q

Colistin is a charged antibiotic molecule that can cause kidney damage. Som colistin resistance has been shown to?

A

Change the charge on the cell surface

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6
Q

Some viral prophage are able to measure the number of host cells outside the individual cell they are in

A

True

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7
Q

Which method of gene transfer has the potential to transfer more unique regions of the bacterial chromosome

A

Generalized transduction

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8
Q

The transforming factor in Griffiths experiment was ultimately found to be a gene for?

A

A sugar coat

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9
Q

In the experiment that established that DNA replication occurs semi conservatively, newly synthesized strands could be distinguished from parental strands by?

A

Density

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10
Q

Some bacteriophage use a protein called Qtip to control entry into the lytic cycle. Qtip expression is regulated through a protein that is a …

A

Transcription factor and receptor

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11
Q

Plasmids that govern their own transfer are known as …

A

Conjugative

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12
Q

When testing antibiotic resistance using the paper disc test, you found the clearing around the disc is larger in the presence of EDTA. You conclude the bacteria is?

A

Using a metalloprotease to inactivate the antibiotic

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13
Q

Some bacteria use pili to capture … from the environment. Expression of pili genes and membrane pore complex genes are linked to …

A

DNA, available food sources

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14
Q

The penicillin family of antibiotics bind to the active site of …

A

Enzymes that form peptide cross links

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15
Q

When … interacts with RNA polymerase, it increases the rate of transcription initiation of the lac Operon.

A

cAMP/cAMP response protein

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16
Q

Cipro is a … antibiotic. This is because it …

A

Broad spectrum, prevents DNA unwinding

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17
Q

Gene x makes a protein that binds DNA. A mutation of gene x causes an increase in the expression of gene y. What can you conclude?

A

Gene x is a negative regulator of gene y

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18
Q

A b-Lactamase/penicillinase provides resistance to penicillin by …

A

Destroying the ring structure of penicillin

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19
Q

The acronym ORF stands for?

A

Open reading frame

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20
Q

To be activated a quorum-sensing gene system requires the accumulation of a secreted small molecule called …

A

Auto inducer

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21
Q

A phage particle can be infectious even if all its DNA has been replaced by bacterial DNA.

A

True

22
Q

Operons …

A

Allow coordinated expression of multiple genes

23
Q

Bacterial heat shock response requires expression of many proteins including … which prevents misfolding/denaturation. Coordination expression of these different genes is controlled by …

A

Chaperones, a unique sigma factor

24
Q

Competence refers to the ability of a bacterial population to …

A

Be transformed by foreign DNA

25
Q

In prokaryotes all RNA contains coded information for amino acid sequence.

A

False

26
Q

Insertion sequences are the simplest mobile genetic element. They code for a single protein. What does this protein do?

A

It can cut and reseal DNA strands

27
Q

What do exposure to CIPRO, covid 19 and lymes disease bacteria have in common?

A

All are associated with post treatment/disease symptoms

28
Q

The promoter site of an Operon is the site at which … initiates.

A

RNA polymerase

29
Q

In a gel shift assay, free DNA runs … than protein DNA complexes

A

Faster

30
Q

In the absence of lactose, the lac … will …

A

Operator, be bound by repressor

31
Q

Two populations of bacteria have recently acquired resistance to Mitchomycin. Population did so in 3 generations. Population 2 acquired this resistance over the course of several months. The most likely mechanism for resistance in population 1 is?

A

Horizontal gene transfer of a plasmid

32
Q

What would cause a stringent response in bacterial population?

A

Antibiotic treatment, rapid change in available nutrients, a rapid increase in temperature

33
Q

Heat maps are a way of representing changes in gene expression.

A

True

34
Q

The first enzyme in a metabolic pathway has a second binding pocket for a product many steps down the metabolic pathway. This is likely an example of ?

A

Allosteric regulation

35
Q

You have cloned the promoter form your favorite retinal gene upstream GFP and then made a transgenic fish. What would you expect to see when the fish grow up?

A

Only the eyes of the fish glow green

36
Q

Certain bacteria when under stress produce transducing particle like gene transfer agents. These particles contain … pieces of bacterial DNA and the portion of the population that produces GTAs is determined …

A

Random, stochastically

37
Q

Calico cats have three colors of fur. This is due to inactivation of … and ultimately is controlled by …

A

One X chromosome, a guide RNA

38
Q

CRISPR is?

A

A bacterial defense mechanism, used to edit many different genomes, a type of immunological memory

39
Q

Sigma factors are responsible for?

A

Binding of RNA polymerase to promoter sequences

40
Q

What are quorum sensing phenomena?

A

Squid light organ, gut enterotoxin release, competence/transform ability

41
Q

Adding the amino acid arginine to a bacterial culture …

A

Represses the synthesis of the enzymes required for the production of arginine

42
Q

What do texiobactin and vancomycin have in common?

A

Both inhibit the linking of cell wall to plasma membrane, both are relatively resistance proof

43
Q

RNA sequencing does not sequence RNA directly.
RNA sequencing is a method for genomic analysis.

A

True, false

44
Q

Prokaryotic genes as a … are transcribed as …

A

Operon, polycistron

45
Q

Gene chips contain … for a large set of genes. … are fluorescently labeled and are hybridized to the chip to measure changes in …

A

Single stranded DNAs, mRNAs, gene expression

46
Q

A DNA/genomic mutation removes the RBS from the 5’ UTR of your favorite gene. This gene would be?

A

Transcribed

47
Q

HIV has an RNA genome and can persist in human cells as a lysogen. What is the first step in this process?

A

Converting RNA to DNA

48
Q

Purposely infecting bacteria with transposons is a type of …

A

Mutational screen

49
Q

What does not lead to more antibiotic resistance bacteria?

A

Taking the entire prescription

50
Q

DNA replication happens in a … manner, using information from the … strand as … to synthesize the new strand.

A

Semi conservative, parental, template

Microbiology Final (4 decks)

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