Exam 2 Flashcards
Horizontal/lateral gene transfer is largely responsible for human genetic diversity.
False
Some bacteria owe their virulence to a viral prophage integration
True
sRNAs, viroids, and CRISPR all work by a similar mechanism. They all rely on … to destroy or change a target sequence.
Base pairing
The same total of an organism or cells protein content is termed its genome.
The sum total of information stored in a cell or organisms DNA is called its proteome.
False, false
Colistin is a charged antibiotic molecule that can cause kidney damage. Som colistin resistance has been shown to?
Change the charge on the cell surface
Some viral prophage are able to measure the number of host cells outside the individual cell they are in
True
Which method of gene transfer has the potential to transfer more unique regions of the bacterial chromosome
Generalized transduction
The transforming factor in Griffiths experiment was ultimately found to be a gene for?
A sugar coat
In the experiment that established that DNA replication occurs semi conservatively, newly synthesized strands could be distinguished from parental strands by?
Density
Some bacteriophage use a protein called Qtip to control entry into the lytic cycle. Qtip expression is regulated through a protein that is a …
Transcription factor and receptor
Plasmids that govern their own transfer are known as …
Conjugative
When testing antibiotic resistance using the paper disc test, you found the clearing around the disc is larger in the presence of EDTA. You conclude the bacteria is?
Using a metalloprotease to inactivate the antibiotic
Some bacteria use pili to capture … from the environment. Expression of pili genes and membrane pore complex genes are linked to …
DNA, available food sources
The penicillin family of antibiotics bind to the active site of …
Enzymes that form peptide cross links
When … interacts with RNA polymerase, it increases the rate of transcription initiation of the lac Operon.
cAMP/cAMP response protein
Cipro is a … antibiotic. This is because it …
Broad spectrum, prevents DNA unwinding
Gene x makes a protein that binds DNA. A mutation of gene x causes an increase in the expression of gene y. What can you conclude?
Gene x is a negative regulator of gene y
A b-Lactamase/penicillinase provides resistance to penicillin by …
Destroying the ring structure of penicillin
The acronym ORF stands for?
Open reading frame
To be activated a quorum-sensing gene system requires the accumulation of a secreted small molecule called …
Auto inducer
A phage particle can be infectious even if all its DNA has been replaced by bacterial DNA.
True
Operons …
Allow coordinated expression of multiple genes
Bacterial heat shock response requires expression of many proteins including … which prevents misfolding/denaturation. Coordination expression of these different genes is controlled by …
Chaperones, a unique sigma factor
Competence refers to the ability of a bacterial population to …
Be transformed by foreign DNA
In prokaryotes all RNA contains coded information for amino acid sequence.
False
Insertion sequences are the simplest mobile genetic element. They code for a single protein. What does this protein do?
It can cut and reseal DNA strands
What do exposure to CIPRO, covid 19 and lymes disease bacteria have in common?
All are associated with post treatment/disease symptoms
The promoter site of an Operon is the site at which … initiates.
RNA polymerase
In a gel shift assay, free DNA runs … than protein DNA complexes
Faster
In the absence of lactose, the lac … will …
Operator, be bound by repressor
Two populations of bacteria have recently acquired resistance to Mitchomycin. Population did so in 3 generations. Population 2 acquired this resistance over the course of several months. The most likely mechanism for resistance in population 1 is?
Horizontal gene transfer of a plasmid
What would cause a stringent response in bacterial population?
Antibiotic treatment, rapid change in available nutrients, a rapid increase in temperature
Heat maps are a way of representing changes in gene expression.
True
The first enzyme in a metabolic pathway has a second binding pocket for a product many steps down the metabolic pathway. This is likely an example of ?
Allosteric regulation
You have cloned the promoter form your favorite retinal gene upstream GFP and then made a transgenic fish. What would you expect to see when the fish grow up?
Only the eyes of the fish glow green
Certain bacteria when under stress produce transducing particle like gene transfer agents. These particles contain … pieces of bacterial DNA and the portion of the population that produces GTAs is determined …
Random, stochastically
Calico cats have three colors of fur. This is due to inactivation of … and ultimately is controlled by …
One X chromosome, a guide RNA
CRISPR is?
A bacterial defense mechanism, used to edit many different genomes, a type of immunological memory
Sigma factors are responsible for?
Binding of RNA polymerase to promoter sequences
What are quorum sensing phenomena?
Squid light organ, gut enterotoxin release, competence/transform ability
Adding the amino acid arginine to a bacterial culture …
Represses the synthesis of the enzymes required for the production of arginine
What do texiobactin and vancomycin have in common?
Both inhibit the linking of cell wall to plasma membrane, both are relatively resistance proof
RNA sequencing does not sequence RNA directly.
RNA sequencing is a method for genomic analysis.
True, false
Prokaryotic genes as a … are transcribed as …
Operon, polycistron
Gene chips contain … for a large set of genes. … are fluorescently labeled and are hybridized to the chip to measure changes in …
Single stranded DNAs, mRNAs, gene expression
A DNA/genomic mutation removes the RBS from the 5’ UTR of your favorite gene. This gene would be?
Transcribed
HIV has an RNA genome and can persist in human cells as a lysogen. What is the first step in this process?
Converting RNA to DNA
Purposely infecting bacteria with transposons is a type of …
Mutational screen
What does not lead to more antibiotic resistance bacteria?
Taking the entire prescription
DNA replication happens in a … manner, using information from the … strand as … to synthesize the new strand.
Semi conservative, parental, template
